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Technical Paper

Overview of CARAT-4, a Multi-body Simulation and Collision Modeling Program

2002-05-07
2002-01-1566
CARAT (Computer Aided Reconstruction of Accidents in Traffic) is a Microsoft Windows® based simulation program. CARAT allows for simulation of pre-collision, collision, and post-collision dynamics in a graphical environment. CARAT can model cars, trucks, trailers and tractor/semi-trailers. CARAT-3, released in the mid-90's, is a three degree-of-freedom (3 DOF) model, with three dependent DOF, and operates mathematically in a two-dimensional (2D) graphical environment. Vehicle graphics can be viewed in three dimensions (3D). CARAT-4 implements 3D multi-body models with 10 DOF for the car model, and up to 26 DOF for the truck and trailer model. CARAT is a time forward kinetic simulation, but can also be used to perform kinematic calculations forward and backwards in time. Both CARAT-3 and CARAT-4 implement a momentum-based collision algorithm.
Technical Paper

Usable Models for Free and Forced Cooling of Commercial Vehicle Drum Brakes

2006-10-31
2006-01-3557
Construction of a transient model for a Class 8 tractor-trailer negotiating mountain terrain is presented. Four basic brake models for free and forced cooling (GSRS, UMTRI, Limpert, and HVE Brake Designer®) are converted to consistent units. The units have been reduced to those accepted variables in the thermodynamic/heat transfer literature (hc, A, cp, M), thereby facilitating model comparison and coefficient selection from the published literature. The data has been compared to real test published data. The effect of varying the desired vehicle speed, vehicle weight, number of adjusted brakes, and slope magnitude on brake drum temperatures is explored.
Technical Paper

Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients Between Wooden and Plastic Pallets and the Wooden Floor of a Van-Type Semi-Trailer

2002-11-18
2002-01-3104
This paper investigates the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the hardwood flooring of a used van-type semi-trailer and the bottom surfaces of pallets fabricated from: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), oak, or hickory. Tests to determine static and kinetic coefficients of friction (COF) were performed with the pallets moving longitudinally or transversely across the cargo trailer floor, and with varying loads. Using a general linear model to analyze the data collected, the best estimates of the COF (static, kinetic) for each pallet were found to be: HDPE (0.31, 0.20), LLDPE (0.29, 0.24), hickory (0.32, 0.21), oak (0.35, 0.25). The analysis also showed that pallet load had a small but statistically significant effect on the friction coefficients.
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