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Given the fast changing market demands, the growing complexity of features, the shorter time to market, and the design/development constraints, the need for efficient and effective verification and validation methods are becoming critical for vehicle manufacturers and suppliers. One such example is fault-tree analysis. While fault-tree analysis is an important hazard analysis/verification activity, the current process of translating design details (e.g., system level and software level) is manual. Current experience indicates that fault tree analysis involves both creative deductive thinking and more mechanical steps, which typically involve instantiating gates and events in fault trees following fixed patterns. Specifically for software fault tree analysis, a number of the development steps typically involve instantiating fixed patterns of gates and events based upon the structure of the code. In this work, we investigate a methodology to translate software programs to fault trees.

Rapid control prototyping (RCP) is a widely used technique for verifying a controller's functional behavior. Typically, RCP uses a target processor with ample processing power and memory, which makes the technique attractive for engineers exploring new concepts. Presenter Thomas Erkkinen, MathWorks Inc.

Software content within commercial vehicles is growing exponentially. Emissions requirements, multiplexed communications, hybrid-electric technologies, active suspensions and smart sensors are amongst the technologies driving the increase in embedded code. Presenter Christoph Braeuchle , MKS Software, Inc.

The amount of software, computation and logic embedded into the vehicle systems is increasing. Testing of complex real time embedded systems using Hardware in Loop (HIL) simulations across different vehicle platforms has been a challenge. Data driven testing enables a qualitative approach to test these complex vehicle systems. It consists of a test framework wherein the test logic and data are independent of the HIL test environment. The data comprises variables used for both input values and output verification values. This data is maintained in a database or in the form of tables. Each row defines an independent test scenario. The entire test data is divided into three categories, High, Medium and Low. This feature gives the advantage of leveraging the same set of test data from Unit Level Testing phases to the Integration Test phase in the V-Cycle of software development. A data driven test approach helps the reuse of tests across vehicle platforms.

These advanced checks have resulted in development of many new diagnostic monitors, of varying types, and a whole new internal software infrastructure to handle tracking, reporting, and self-verification of OBD related items. Due to this amplified complexity and the consequences surrounding a shortfall in meeting regulatory requirements, efficient and thorough validation of the OBD system in the powertrain control software is critical. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation provides the environment in which the needed efficiency and thoroughness for validating the OBD system can be achieved. A HIL simulation environment consisting of engine, aftertreatment, and basic vehicle models can be employed, providing the ability for software developers, calibration engineers, OBD experts, and test engineers to examine and validate both facets of OBD software: diagnostic monitors and diagnostic infrastructure (i.e., fault memory management).

This paper presents an extension of our earlier work on Cummins Vehicle Mission Simulation (VMS) software. Previously, we presented VMS as a Windows based analysis tool to simulate vehicle missions quickly and to gauge, communicate, and improve the value proposition of Cummins engines to customers. Presenter Nagesh Belludi, Cummins Inc.

As an annual subscription, the Wiley Cyber Security Collection Add-On is available for purchase along with one or both of the following: Wiley Aerospace Collection Wiley Automotive Collection The titles from the Wiley Cyber Security Collection are included in the SAE MOBILUS® eBook Package. Titles: Network Forensics Penetration Testing Essentials Security in Fixed and Wireless Networks, 2nd Edition The Network Security Test Lab: A Step-by-Step Guide Risk Centric Threat Modeling: Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C, 20th Anniversary Edition Computer Security Handbook, Set, 6th Edition Threat Modeling: Designing for Security Other available Wiley collections: Wiley SAE MOBILUS eBook Package Wiley Aerospace Collection Wiley Automotive Collection Wiley Computer Systems Collection Add-On (purchasable with the Wiley Aerospace Collection and/or the Wiley Automotive Collection)

Functional safety requirements and solutions are more expensive when it comes to lower cost machines with less power but same functionalities with respect to big machines. The paper will show a real Electronic Control Unit (ECU) design of a machine controller, controlling both engine working point, transmission, and other utilities like PTO, 4WD, brakes and Differential Lock; the ECU was designed in accordance to ISO 25119 regulation, to meet AgPL = C or even D for some functionalities. The unit is a fully redundant electronic control unit with two CAN networks and some special safe state oriented mechanism, that allow the Performance Level C with less software analysis requirements compared with traditional solutions. All safety critical sensors are redounded and singularly diagnosable, all command effects are directly observable and most of commands are directly diagnosable.

This study analyzes the power consumption of a specific Planetary Exploration Vehicle (PEV) subsystem known as Flexible-Wheel (FW) suspension, more specifically the interaction between a FW and the deformable terrain upon which it traverses. To achieve this a systematic and analytical calculation procedure has been developed, which culminates in the definition of three dimensionless properties to capture the FW-soil interaction. Aimed towards the design engineer participating in concept evaluation, and the control engineer conducting initial analyses, this study has found that the resistance coefficient for the interaction between a FW and the deformable terrain can, in general, be several orders of magnitude higher than the rolling resistance of a pneumatic tire operating upon rigid terrain.

A Department of Energy funded research project currently in the final stages of completion has resulted in a web-based tool that gives non-expert users the ability to add aerodynamic devices to a CFD model of a single bogie trailer and generalized tractor model. This model was used to assess the aerodynamic performance of skirt geometries. The skirts were defined using 5 independent geometric parameters and 2 installation parameters. These parameters allow enough freedom in the geometry definition to capture the shape and installation position and angle of a wide number of commercially available skirts on the market today. Using a Design of Experiments approach, the aerodynamic drag response of the truck and trailer to any parametric change in the skirt geometry has been determined across a range of yaw angles.

Rotavator is an active tillage implement for breaking the Soil and for the preparation of seed bed for cultivation. The Farmers are currently facing problem due to usage of sub optimal speed of Rotavator which results in more fuel consumption, takes more time for completion of operation. Also, the Current Rental models work on Tractor + Implement as rental combination and customer not able to rent Rotavator as a standalone implement due to non-availability of Tracking information such as hours of utilization on Rotavator. Farmers not able to maintain the service periodicity, if oil change not done in prescribed duration then it may result in improper maintenance and breakdown of the Rotavator. To overcome these problems a smart Rotavator developed consists of an electronic unit fitted on the Rotavator shaft to measure the speed of the shaft rotation and in turn convert to Rotavator speed and also able to convert into Hours of usage based on the starting and stopping of the rotavator.

The public transport in India is gradually shifting towards electric mobility. Long range in electric mobility can be served with High Voltage Battery (HVB), but HVB can sustain for its designed life if it’s maintained within a specific operating temperature range. Appropriate battery thermal management through Battery Cooling System (BCS) is critical for vehicle range and battery durability This work focus on two aspects, BCS sizing and its coolant flow optimization in Electric bus. BCS modelling was done in 1D CAE software. The objective is to develop a model of BCS in virtual environment to replicate the physical testing. Electric bus contain numerous battery packs and a complex piping in its cooling system. BCS sizing simulation was performed to keep the battery packs in operating temperature range.

This paper discusses the development and preliminary validation of a dynamic stability test simulation to fulfill a new dynamic lateral stability requirement for lift trucks sold in the European market. A representative lift truck was chosen and instrumented to capture vehicle path, travel speed, and lateral acceleration during a high speed turn. The vehicle was simulated using a Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) approach in a commercially available software package. Experimental data showed significant variation in a human operator's vehicle path, which had a strong effect on the measured lateral acceleration during a high speed turn. Preliminary comparisons showed reasonable agreement between the simulation model and physical test data. Additionally, it was found that the simulation provided a consistent measure of comparison to evaluate the effect of design changes to observed lateral stability.

AUTOSAR is finding its way into the automotive industry. European automotive manufacturing companies were the early adopters defining and promoting AUTOSAR standard. One of the main AUTOSAR goals is to improve containment of product and process complexity and risk. Increased scalability and flexibility to integrate and transfer functions is another important goal of AUTOSAR. Working with different suppliers and vendors and respect their confidentiality makes the process of application software development even more complex. Presented in this paper is a creative way of utilizing AUTOSAR to overcome the integration challenges in a multi-party object code based software integration. The run time environment (RTE) files for the application software are generated through a set of scripts to automate the process for consecutive releases. The low level device drivers are configured by one supplier and are being used by another supplier through a set of AUTOSAR client-server operation calls.

The impact of Reynolds number on the aerodynamics and operational performance of commercial vehicles is discussed. All supporting data has been obtained from published experimental and computational studies for complete vehicles and vehicle components. A review of Reynolds number effects on boundary layer state, unsteady and steady flow, time dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separated flows is presented. Reynolds number modeling and simulation criteria that impact aerodynamic characteristics and performance of a commercial vehicle are shown. The concepts of dimensional analysis and flow similarity are employed to show that aerodynamics of commercial ground vehicles is only dependent on Reynolds number. The terminology of Roshko is adopted for discussing the variation in drag with Reynolds number in which the subcritical, transitional and transcritical flow regimes are defined for commercial vehicles.

Autonomous vehicles are currently a subject of great interest and there is heavy research on creating and improving algorithms for detecting objects in their vicinity. A ROS-based deep learning approach has been developed to detect objects using point cloud data. With encoded raw light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and camera data, several basic statistics such as elevation and density are generated. The system leverages a simple and fast convolutional neural network (CNN) solution for object identification and localization classification and generation of a bounding box to detect vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists was developed. The system is implemented on an Nvidia Jetson TX2 embedded computing platform, the classification and location of the objects are determined by the neural network. Coordinates and other properties of the object are published on to various ROS topics which are then serviced by visualization and data handling routines.

A challenge in structural design is the inability to quickly assess how a change in use can affect the structural performance of the system. This is particularly important in the bus industry where there is often multiple variations of one base product type for many customers. Thus for a single design there can be frequent changes to mission profiles or customer constraints, which must be considered within short time periods before production commences for a particular customer. This can often limit full understanding of the structural performance, key structural features or critical failure modes, ultimately limiting the potential for producing buses with minimum structural mass. The proposed method in this paper aims to develop a design tool capable of rapidly informing structural design engineers with respect to the structural limitations of various vehicle components using performance envelopes.

In order to reflect the actual power consumption of logistics electric vehicles in a city, sample real vehicle road data. After preprocessing, the short-stroke analysis method is used to divide it into working blocks of no less than 20 seconds. Based on principal component analysis, three of the 12 characteristic parameters were selected as the most expressive. K-means clustering algorithm is adopted to obtain the proportions of various short strokes, according to the proportion, select the short stroke with small deviation degree to combine, and construct the driving cycle, it has the characteristics of low average speed, high idle speed ratio and short driving distance. AVL-cruise software builds the vehicle model and runs the driving cycle of urban logistic EV. Compared with WLTC, the difference in power consumption is 34.3%, which is closer to the actual power consumption, the areas with the highest motor speed utilization are concentrated only in the idle area.

This SAE Standard applies to the usage of tires of the same nominal size and tread type, but with different outside diameter for articulated front-end loaders. Articulated four-wheel-drive front-end loader performance and component life can be affected by excessive differences in the tire outside circumference and/or diameter. The purpose is to provide specific guidelines for the usage of tires with different outside circumference and/or diameter on articulated front-end loaders.

This SAE Standard applies to the usage of tires of the same nominal size and tread type, but with different outside diameter for articulated front-end loaders. Articulated four-wheel-drive front-end loader performance and component life can be affected by excessive differences in the tire outside circumference and/or diameter. The purpose is to provide specific guidelines for the usage of tires with different outside circumference and/or diameter on articulated front-end loaders.