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The lump-fashioned droplet group micro-explosions in water-in-diesel fuel emulsion sprays during the atomization, evaporation and combustion processes in a high-pressure, high temperature bomb were observed with a multi-pulsed, off-axis, image-plane, ruby laser holocamera and a high-speed camera. The explosions expand the volume of spray, improve the fuel-air mixing process and speed up the flame propagation. A no-water layer formed by Hills vortex was also observed in emulsion droplets. The ambient temperature has the most important influence on the occurrence and violence of the micro-explosion. The fuel consumption and exhaust emissions with emulsions of different water fractions were studied under various operating conditions by numerical simulation and engine tests.

The articulated steering system is widely used in engineering vehicles due to its high mobility and low steering radius. The design parameters have a vital impact on the selection of the steering system assemblies, such as the operation stroke, pressure, and force of the hydraulic cylinders during the steering process, which will affect the system weight. The system energy consumption is also relevant to the geometry parameters. According to the kinetic analysis of the steering system and dynamic analysis of the steering process, the kinetic model of an engineering vehicle steering system is built, and the length and pressure variation of the cylinder is calculated and validated by the field test. The influence of the factors is analyzed based on the established model. To lower the system weight, needed pressure, and force, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method is initiated to optimize the geometry parameter of the articulated steering system.