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Leakage characteristics of the screw gas seal having a rectangular screw groove on a shaft were investigated by varying the peripheral velocity up to 250 m/s and by using room temperature air. The various effects of helix angle, groove width ratio, aspect ratio, number of threads, etc, were examined both in stationary and rotating states. As a result, it was found that the seal performance was optimized by using a dimensionless parameter, the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of screw groove to screw rotor. Thus, the seal performance was optimized when this parameter was nearly equal to 1 × 10-3 or when the cross-sectional area of screw groove became nearly 0.1% of the cross-sectional area of screw rotor. The effects of aspect ratio, helix angle, groove width ratio and number of threads on the seal performance appear to be relatively unimportant.

The leakage characteristics of the stepped type labyrinth gas seals were investigated both in stationary and rotating states by varying the thickness and position of the throttling fin. As a result, it was found that the leakage in the downward stepped type labyrinth seal was less than that in the upward stepped type. It was also found that, when compared with the conventional straight-through type labyrinth seal, the downward stepped type had a better sealing effect where the leakage rate decreased by about 70% in the stationary state and by 80% in the rotational state.

In order to improve the volumetric efficiency of a crankcase-supercharged 4-stroke cycle engine in the high speed range, rotary disc valves were used at both the inlet and the outlet sides of the crankcase. The effects of the size of the opening and the phasing of the disc valves on volumetric efficiency were investigated and compared with a system using reed valves. It was found that a volumetric efficiency higher than 120 % could be obtained over a speed of 3000-6000 rpm, which was not possible by using the reed valve system. SUPERCHARGING SYSTEMS utilizing Roots type blowers and/or exhaust turbochargers have been used effectively for increasing the brake mean effective pressure of 4-stroke cycle engines. The authors built a prototype cranckcase-supercharged 4-stroke cycle engine, which used the underside of the piston as a supercharging pump, and confirmed the effectiveness of the concept by motoring and firing tests.

4 crankcase-supercharged 4-stroke spark-ignition engine was made and tested in both the motoring and firing modes. It was found that a 20 to 30 % torque rise compared with the naturally-aspirated baseline engine was obtained in the low and middle engine speed ranges without any sacrifice in brake specific fuel consumption. Additionally, the throttle response of the modified engine was better than that of the naturally-aspirated baseline engine, and there was no deterioration in part-load brake specific fuel consumption.

In order to reduce diesel idle knock, the effects of EGR on the idling characteristics were investigated on three 4-stroke cycle engines having three different combustion chambers (precombustion, swirl and direct injection). It was found that EGR was effective not only for reducing idle knock, but also for decreasing fuel consumption, smoke density and exhaust emissions at idling operation regardless of the type of combustion camber. The same test results were obtained on a crankcase-scavenged 2-stroke cycle diesel engine (direct injection type) by means of inlet throttling.

In order to improve the part-load and idling characteristics of 2-stroke cycle diesel engines, the effect of throttling on engine performance was investigated on a separately scavenged engine with a Roots blower and on a crankcase-scavenged engine. For the first engine, it was found that decreasing the delivery ratio through bypassing a part of scavenging air into the inlet side, that is, by recirculation of scavenging air, made it possible not only to decrease the fuel consumption but also to raise the scavenging temperature which improved combustion. Also, a vehicle test using a bus powered by the same type of engine showed improved mileage through throttling. For the crankcase-scavenged engine, it was found that a slight increase in delivery ratio was very effective for improving the performance at low speed with heavy load, and throttling was also effective in improving not only the part-load but also the idling operation.

In order to obtain the limiting volumetric efficiency curve, the relationships between volumetric efficiency and engine speed were investigated on three engines by varying through wide limits the effective angle areas of the inlet valves. It was found that the mean inlet Mach number Mim introduced by the authors showed the characteristics of volumetric efficiency better than the inlet Mach index Ms widely used and when Mim approached Mim=0.5, the flow around the inlet valve became critical causing inlet choking which made the volumetric efficiency decrease hyperbolically with an increase in engine speed. These phenomena were also observed in the test results of a Wankel type rotary engine.

In order to increase the air charge of crankcase-scavenged two-stroke cycle engines, the relations between delivery ratio and engine speed were investigated on a rotary disc-valve inlet port engine and on a conventional piston-valve inlet port engine by varying through wide limits the angle area and timing of the inlet port. For the inlet port configuration tested on the first engine, it was found that there was an optimum cut angle of the rotary disc valve, which produced a certain angle area. To improve the delivery ratio characteristics at a given speed, it was not necessary to change this angle area; it was effective to change only the timing of the inlet port by shifting the disc valve around the crankshaft. For the piston-valve inlet port engine, the results showed that a wide, low port, which was also found to have a higher flow coefficient, produced a higher delivery ratio over the entire engine speed range than a narrow, high port.

In order to investigate the air flow characteristics through poppet inlet valves, the static and dynamic flow coefficients were measured by varying through wide limits the angle-areas and the opening periods of the valves. As a result, it was found that when the angle-area was fixed, a valve having a lower maximum valve lift always showed better flow characteristics under both static and dynamic conditions. Also, a parameter which satisfactorily correlated the static and dynamic flow coefficients was found.

As a mechanical supercharging system for 4-stroke cycle engines, crankcase-supercharging seems attractive because of its low production cost and simple construction. Therefore, a crankcase-supercharged 4-stroke cycle spark-ignition engine was developed and tested in both motoring and firing modes. It was found that the motoring volumetric efficiency could be increased over the entire engine speed range, but the increase was more noticeable at lower engine speeds. In the firing mode it was proved that a favorable throttle response and a 20 to 30% torque rise could be obtained by crankcase-supercharging without sacrificing the brake specific fuel consumption of the naturally aspirated baseline condition.

In order to obtain the limiting delivery ratio curve, the relationships between the delivery ratio and the engine speed were investigated on crankcase-scavenged 2-stroke cycle engines by varying through wide limits the effective angle-areas Fia(e) of the inlet ports. It was found that the mean inlet Mach number Mim, already reported by the authors using 4-stroke cycle engines, showed well the characteristics of the limiting delivery ratio, and when Mim approached a limiting value the delivery ratio decreased hyper-bolically with an increase in engine speed.