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In the future more stringent emission regulations will enforce closed loop control of engine management systems for a large number of inexpensive low displacement motorcycles in markets like China and other Asian countries. Specific low cost Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) systems have been developed or are under development to meet these requirements. This study presents a comparison of heated vs. unheated oxygen sensors in such a system. The exhaust gas temperature rise and variation during the emission test cycle in this class of motorcycles and its impact on the light-off time, the dynamic response behavior as well as other small engine specific parameters are investigated. Most experiments have been carried out on a 125cc motorcycle equipped with water cooled 4 stroke engine with 3 way catalyst.

Today's wide range oxygen sensors are based on the limiting current principle, where an applied voltage induces electrochemical reactions in a ceramic cell. Since the diffusive transport of exhaust gas to the electrodes is limited by a transport barrier, the resulting electric current can be related to the exhaust gas composition. A model is presented which describes the transient transport of gas mixtures from the bulk exhaust gas to the electrodes of an oxygen sensor at variable pressure and composition. The internal structure of the transport barrier was accounted for by geometrical parameters. A variety of numerical results are compared with experimental data.

Within the scope of this work, the convective mass transfer to the zirconia sensor element of an exhaust oxygen sensor was analyzed experimentally and numerically. For the experimental setup, a heightened model of an oxygen sensor was built from Lucite® considering the similarity theory. Mass transfer is measured based on the absorption of ammonia and subsequent immediate color reaction. For the numerical investigation, a three-dimensional model of the test rig was built. To predict the flow pattern and the species transport inside the protection tubes, the commercial CFD-Code FLUENT® is used. The model for the mass transfer to the surface is implemented through user-defined functions.

For heavy-duty diesel engines, the current tightening in exhaust gas legislation is the driving force for new developments of oil separators from blowby gases. The most potential maintenance-free solution to this challenge is the disc stack centrifuge. Based on CFD calculations, it is possible to show, that the flow behaviour through the device influences the grade efficiency and also the separation efficiency. For a wide operating range the separation results can be described with one universal grade efficiency curve depending on a non-dimensional droplet diameter. Separation efficiencies acquired by experiments correspond very well with the numerical results.

This paper presents advanced planar ZrO2 oxygen sensors being developed at Robert Bosch using a modified tetragonal partially stabilized zirconia (TZP) with high ionic conductivity, high phase stability and high thermo-mechanical strength. Green tape technology combined with highly automated thickfilm techniques allows robust and cost effective manufacturing of those novel sensing elements. Standardization of assembling parts reduces the complexity of the assembly line even in the case of different sensing principles. The sensor family meets the new requirements of modern ULEV strategies like fast light off below 10 s and linear control capability as well as high quality assurance standards. High volume production will start in 1997 for European customers.

Modern zirconia oxygen sensors are heated internally to achieve an optimal detection of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas and fast light off time. The temperature of the gas in the exhaust pipe varies in a wide range. The zirconia sensor is cooled by radiation and forced convection caused by cold exhaust gas. If the zirconia temperature falls, the oxygen detection capability of the sensor decreases. To minimize the cooling effects, protection tubes cover the zirconia sensor. However, this is in conflict with the aim to accelerate the dynamics of the lambda sensor. In this paper, the heat transfer at the surface of a heated planar zirconia sensor with two different double protection tubes of a Bosch oxygen sensor is examined in detail. The geometric configuration of the tubes forces different flow patterns in the inner protection tube around the zirconia sensor. The zirconia sensor is internally electrically heated by a platinum heater layer.

In electric fuel injection (EFI) systems the intake air pressure is used as system load signal for calculating injection and ignition parameters together with engine speed. Part of an EFI system for motorcycles is a throttle body module with integrated pressure sensor. As motorcycle systems require smaller components than automotive applications the target for engineering is to minimize the component size and still fulfill other system requirements. Therefore the pressure sensor sampling point should be as close as possible to the throttle shaft to reduce the module size but with a sufficient distance to avoid signal distortion by unsteady flow. This paper describes how to find a suitable sampling position by combining static bench testing, dynamic vehicle testing and CFD analysis.