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The starting knock of R4102 D.I. diesel engine are analyzed experimentally based on the transient speed and first and third cylinder indicator diagrams that were taken from updated data acquisition system developed by the authors[1][2]. The influence of the starting knock on the strength of connecting rod, piston and piston ring are also studied. The results show that the influence of the starting knock is larger than the influence of the rated conditions. So the starting knock must be thought in the engine design.

The combustion of cylinder lubricating oil (called as cylinder oil for short) is one of the major sources of PM emissions of low-speed 2-stroke marine diesel engines. For pre-mixed combustion low-speed 2-stroke marine gas engines, the auto-ignition of cylinder oil might result in knock or more hazard abnormal combustion - pre-ignition. Evaporation is a key sub-process of the auto-ignition process of cylinder oil droplets. The evaporation behavior has a profound impact on the auto-ignition and combustion processes of cylinder oil droplets, and a great influence on engine combustion performance and emission characteristics. This paper applied an oil suspending apparatus to investigate the evaporation behavior of cylinder oil droplets and base oil droplets. The effects of ambient temperatures on the evaporation process were measured and analyzed. The results indicate that the evaporation of cylinder oil includes heating, evaporating, pyrolysis, and polymerization.

Porous medium (PM) engine was a new type engine based on the technique of combustion in porous medium, which can realize homogeneous and stable combustion. In this paper, the combustion and working processes of a specific PM engine was simulated by a two-zone model considering the influences of the mass distribution, heat transfer from the cylinder wall, mass exchange between zones and the heat transfer in porous medium. Influences of operating parameters, e.g. intake temperature and pressure, compression ratio, the excess air ratio on the performance of the PM engine were discussed. It is found out that the porous medium, acting as a heat recuperator, can significantly enhance the evaporation of liquid fuel and preheat the mixture, which promotes the ignition and combustion in the cylinder; and that the initial PM temperature and the compression ratio are critical factors controlling the compression ignition of the mixture.

A zero-dimension combustion model suitable to multi-fuel combustion process has been developed and successfully used in the analysis of methanol combustion process The V2b function is calculated with the Powell Optimized Algorithm. The concerned characteristics include in the variables of zero-dimension model, mean indication pressure, maximum combustion pressure, ignition delay and the correlation coefficient between heat release rate and ignition delay. The heat release rate curves on different conditions are fitted and the statistic analyses of the cyclic variations are conducted.

The new DI diesel engine combustion system named Double-Layer Diverging Combustion System (DLDCS) results in a better Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and lower exhaust emissions. The previous results of numerical simulation and bench test of a single cylinder DI diesel engine showed that more homogeneous fuel distribution, better BSFC and lower emission level were obtained by employing this combustion system. In this research, further numerical simulation are employed to seek the best injection advance angle and investigate the influence of different volume fraction and type lines of upper layer with AVL Fire.

Fuel injection and fuel-air mixture formation processes have significant influence on the performance of spark ignition gas engines. In order to study the fuel enrichment injection process in the pre-chamber of a marine gas engine, the flow field in the pre-chamber during the gas fuel injection period was investigated by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. An organic glass model of pre-chamber was made for optical measurement. The flow fields in the pre-chamber with four different gas injection angles were analyzed, respectively. The measurement results were qualitatively compared to the CFD calculation results as the verification of the calculation. Based on the comparison of the PIV experiment results, an optimal gas fuel injection angle was chosen. Furthermore, 3D CFD calculation models with the baseline and optimal fuel injection angles of a marine spark ignited natural gas engine were generated to calculate the working process.

To understand the working mechanism of the porous medium (PM) internal combustion engine, effects of a porous medium heat regenerator inserted into a combustion chamber on the turbulent flow field and fuel-air mixture formation are studied by numerical simulation. The cylindrical chamber has a constant volume, in which a disk-shaped PM insert is fixed. A simplified model for the random structure of the PM is presented, in which the PM is represented by an assembly of a great number of randomly distributed solid units. To simulate flows in the PM a Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy's equation is introduced into the numerical solver. A version of two-equation k - ε turbulence model suggested by Antohe and Lage is employed for the turbulence prediction in the PM. A spray model, in which the effects of drop breakup, collision and coalescence are taken into account, is introduced to describe spray/wall interactions.

For liquid fueled engine, the fuel atomization affects fuel’s evaporation, combustion, noise and vibration characteristics eventually. In this study, the effects of fuel species on the internal flow and near field primary breakup characteristics of a nozzle “Spray C” are investigated. Based on the framework of OpenFOAM, the newly developed solver which coupled cavitation model and the multifluid-quasi-VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) model, and combines the LES (Large Eddy Simulation) are applied to simulate the nozzle inner flow and near field jet breakup when using diesel and biodiesel respectively. The transient characteristics of nozzle inner flow and near field spray of two different fuels were analyzed, and the variation of axial pressure and velocity of nozzle was obtained. The simulation results show that the cavitation of biodiesel with high viscosity and low saturated vapor pressure develops slower and weaker.

Early injection timing is an effective measure of pre-mixture formation for diesel low-temperature combustion. Three algebraic subgrid models (Smagorinsky model, dynamic Smagorinsky model and WALE model) and one-equation kinetic energy turbulent model using modified TAB breakup model (MTAB model) have been implemented into KIVA3V code to make a detailed large eddy simulation of the atomization and evaporation processes of early injection timing in a constant volume chamber and a Ford high-speed direct-injection diesel engine. The results show that the predictive vapor mass fraction and liquid penetration using LES is in good agreement with the experiment results. In combustion chamber, the sub-grid turbulent kinetic energy and viscosity using LES are less than with the RANS models, and following the increasing time, the sub-grid turbulent kinetic energy and viscosity also increase and are concentrated on the spray area.

The stripping of cylinder oil at the scavenging ports of low-speed two-stroke marine engines is one of the main sources of floating oil droplets existing in cylinders. The combustion of these oil droplets is one of the major reasons of PM emissions and pre-ignition for dual-fuel engines. In order to investigate the stripping behavior, a prototype model and a test bench were set up to carry out the experiment of cylinder oil stripping behavior and single droplet deformation under different conditions. Meanwhile, a CFD model was established to analyze the actual scavenging flow field, and the verification results were obtained: in the case of excessive lubrication, a considerable amount of cylinder oil remains on the upper surface of the scavenge ports. Such cylinder oil can be blown into the cylinder when the ports are opened.

This paper inverstigates a new way of conical spray for medium speed D. I. diesel engine, with which three different construction injectors were used. The feature of conical spray and fuel-air mixture formation were observed by means of schlieren photograph technique. The main result is that the cone top angle of conical injector has influence on formation of fuel-air mixture and performance of engine. The results of test on a single-cylinder engine show the premixed combustion phase was possessed of a large proportions of the whole combustion period, which was become a leading feature. The increasing interest in study of diesel engine combustion is caused by achieving even more stringent emission standards and greatly improving the fuel economy. From present status of this research the traditional combustion system which with orifice nozzel has already exposed some inherent drawbacks.

Due to the increasing consumption of fossil fuels, alternative fuels in internal combustion engines have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Ethanol is the most common alternative fuel used in spark ignition (SI) engines due to its advantages of biodegradability, positively impacting emissions reduction as well as octane number improvement. Meanwhile, acetone is well-known as one of the industrial waste solvents for synthetic fibers and most plastic materials. In comparison to ethanol, acetone has a number of more desirable properties for being a viable alternative fuel such as its higher energy density, heating value and volatility.

Owing to the small size of engines and high injection pressures, it is difficult to avoid the fuel spray impingement on the combustion cylinder wall and piston head in Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine, which is a possible source of hydrocarbons and soot emission. As a result, the droplets size and distribution are significantly important to evaluate the atomization and predict the impingement behaviors, such as stick, spread or splash. However, the microscopic behaviors of droplets are seldom reported due to the high density of small droplets, especially under high pressure conditions. In order to solve this problem, a “spray slicer” was designed to cut the spray before impingement as a sheet one to observe the droplets clearly. The experiment was performed in a constant volume chamber under non-evaporation condition, and a mini-sac injector with single hole was used.

Dimethyl ether (DME) attracts increasing attentions in recent years, because it can reduce the carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and soot emissions for engines as the transportation fuel or the fuel additive. In this paper, a reduced DME oxidation mechanism is developed using the decoupling methodology. The rate constants of the fuel-related reactions are optimized using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to reproduce the ignition delay times in shock tubes and major species concentrations in jet-stirred reactors (JSR) over low-to-high temperatures. In NSGA-II, the range of the rate constants was considered to ensure the reliability of the optimized mechanism. Moreover, an improved objective function was proposed to maintain the faithfulness of the optimized mechanism to the original reaction mechanism, and a new method was presented to determine the optimal solution from the Pareto front.

Syngas is considered to be a promising alternative fuel for the dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine to reduce the fuel consumption and emissions. However, the optimal syngas compositions and fuel supply strategies in RCCI combustion are significantly affected by engine configurations, which have not been investigated yet. In this study, by integrating the KIVA-3V code and the non-dominated sort genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), the optimizations for a 0.477 L single-cylinder engine with shallow/wide piston bowl (Engine A) and a 1.325 L single-cylinder engine with conventional omega-type piston (Engine B) under the syngas/diesel RCCI combustion were performed. The optimized operating parameters include the fuel-supply strategies, syngas compositions, and intake conditions. The results indicate that the fuel-supply strategy is flexible in Engine A due to the shallow/wide piston bowl and the relatively small cylinder bore.

Multi-dimensional models coupled with a reduced chemical mechanism were used to investigate the effect of fuel on exergy destruction fraction and sources in a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. The exergy destruction due to chemical reaction (Deschem) makes the largest contribution to the total exergy destruction. Different from the obvious low temperature heat release (LTHR) behavior in gasoline/diesel RCCI, methanol has a negative effect on the LTHR of diesel, so the exergy destruction accumulation from LTHR to high temperature heat release (HTHR) can be avoided in methanol/diesel RCCI, contributing to the reduction of Deschem. Moreover, the combustion temperature in methanol/diesel RCCI is higher compared to gasoline/diesel RCCI, which is also beneficial to the lower exergy destruction fraction. Therefore, the exergy destruction of methanol/diesel RCCI is lower than that of gasoline/diesel RCCI at the same combustion phasing.

Lean-burn combustion is an effective method for increasing the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines fueled with stoichiometric fuel-air mixture, but leads to an unacceptable level of high cyclic variability before reaching ultra-low nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions emitted from conventional gasoline engines. Multi-point micro-flame ignited (MFI) hybrid combustion was proposed to overcome this problem, and can be can be grouped into double-peak type, ramp type and trapezoid type with very low frequency of appearance. This research investigates the micro-flame ignition stages of double-peak type and ramp type MFI combustion captured by high speed photography. The results show that large flame is formed by the fast propagation of multi-point flame occurring in the central zone of the cylinder in the double-peak type. However, the multiple flame sites occur around the cylinder, and then gradually propagate and form a large flame accelerated by the independent small flame in the ramp type.

Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) is an intermediate product in the ABE fermentation process for producing bio-butanol. As an additive for diesel, it has been shown to improve spray evaporation, improve fuel atomization, enhance air-fuel mixing, and enhance combustion as a whole. The typical compositions of ABE are in a volumetric ratio of 3:6:1 or 6:3:1. From previous studies done in a constant volume chamber, it was observed that the presence of additional acetone in the blend caused advancement in the combustion phasing, but too much acetone content led to an increase in soot emission during combustion. The objective of this research was to investigate the combustion of these mixtures in a diesel engine. The experiments were conducted in an AVL 5402 single-cylinder diesel engine at different speeds and different loads to study component effects on the various engine conditions. The fuels tested in these experiments were D100, ABE(3:6:1)10, ABE(3:6:1)20, ABE(6:3:1)10, and ABE(6:3:1)20.

Increasingly strict emission regulations and unfavorable economic climate bring severe challenges to the energy conservation of marine low-speed engine. Besides traditional methods, the energy and exergy analysis could acknowledge the losses of fuel from a global perspective to further improve the engine efficiency. Therefore, the energy and exergy analysis is conducted for a marine low-speed engine based on the experimental data. Energy analysis shows the exhaust gas occupies the largest proportion of all fuel energy waste, and it rises with the increment of engine load. The heat transfer consumes the second largest proportion, while it is negatively correlated to engine load. The energy analysis indicates that the most effective way to improve the engine efficiency is to reduce the energy wasted by exhaust gas and heat transfer. However, the latter exergy analysis demonstrates that there are other effective approaches to improve the engine efficiency.

In order to comply with the stringent emission regulations, many researchers have been focusing on diesel-compressed natural gas (CNG) dual fuel operation in compression ignition (CI) engines. The diesel-CNG dual fuel operation mode has the potential to reduce both the soot and NOx emissions; however, the thermal efficiency is generally lower than that of the pure diesel operation, especially under the low and medium load conditions. The current experimental work investigates the potential of using diesel-1-butanol blends as the pilot fuel to improve the engine performance and emissions. Fuel blends of B0 (pure diesel), B10 (90% diesel and 10% 1-butanol by volume) and B20 (80% diesel and 20% 1-butanol) with 70% CNG substitution were compared based on an equivalent input energy at an engine speed of 1200 RPM. The results indicated that the diesel-1-butanol pilot fuel can lead to a more homogeneous mixture due to the longer ignition delay.