Search Results

This paper presents the development of an analytical model that complements laboratory based experiments to provide a tool for Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) applications. The model calibration is based on measured data from NOx reduction performance tests as well as ammonia (NH3) adsorption/desorption tests over select SCR catalyst formulations in a laboratory flow reactor. Only base metal/zeolite SCR samples were evaluated. Limited validations are presented that show the model agrees well with vehicle data from Environmental Protection Agency Federal Test Procedure (EPA FTP) emission assessments. The model includes energy and mass balances, several different NH3 reactions with NOx, NH3 adsorption and desorption algorithms, and NH3 oxidation.

Passenger and light duty diesel vehicles will require up to 90% NOx conversion over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) to meet future Tier 2 Bin 5 standards. This accomplishment is especially challenging for low exhaust temperature applications that mostly operate in the 200 - 350°C temperature regime. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts formulated with Cu/zeolites have shown the potential to deliver this level of performance fresh, but their performance can easily deteriorate over time as a result of high temperature thermal deactivation. These high temperature SCR deactivation modes are unavoidable due to the requirements necessary to actively regenerate diesel particulate filters and purge SCRs from sulfur and hydrocarbon contamination. Careful vehicle temperature control of these events is necessary to prevent unintentional thermal damage but not always possible. As a result, there is a need to develop thermally robust SCR catalysts.

For diesel applications, cold start accounts for a large amount of the total NOx emissions during a typical Federal Test Procedure (FTP) for light-duty vehicles and is a key focus for reducing NOx emissions. A common form of diesel NOx aftertreatment is selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. For cold start NOx improvement, the SCR catalyst would be best located as the first catalyst in the aftertreatment system; however, engine-out hydrocarbons and no diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) upstream to generate an exotherm for desulfation can result in degraded SCR catalyst performance. Recent advances in vanadia-based SCR (V-SCR) catalyst technology have shown better low temperature NOx performance and improved thermal durability. Three V-SCR technologies were tested for their thermal durability and low-temperature NOx performance, and after 600°C aging, one technology showed low-temperature performance on par with state-of-the-art copper-zeolite SCR (Cu-SCR) technology.

With an emerging need for gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) to lower particle emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, studies are being conducted to optimize GPF designs in order to balance filtration efficiency, backpressure penalty, filter size, cost and other factors. Metal fiber filters could offer additional designs to the GPF portfolio, which is currently dominated by ceramic wall-flow filters. However, knowledge on their performance as GPFs is still limited. In this study, modeling on backpressure and filtration efficiency of fibrous media was carried out to determine the basic design criteria (filtration area, filter thickness and size) for different target efficiencies and backpressures at given gas flow conditions. Filter media with different fiber sizes (8 - 17 μm) and porosities (80% - 95%) were evaluated using modeling to determine the influence of fiber size and porosity.