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This paper describes an automated path following system using vision sensor. Lateral control law for path following is especially underlined which is developed by using the backstepping control design methodology. To establish the proposed control system, the lateral offset to the reference path, the heading angle of vehicle relative to tangent line to the path, and path curvature are required. Those inputs to the controller have been calculated through Kalman filter which is frequently adopted for the purpose. The lane mark detection has been achieved in an ECU (Electric Control Unit) platform with vision sensor. The yaw rate and side-slip angle also needed in the controller are estimated by Kalman estimator. To show the performance of the proposed controller under different speeds, experiment has been conducted on a proving ground having straight and curve sections with the curvature of about 260m.

This paper summarizes the validation of prototype vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) safety applications based on Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) in the United States under a cooperative agreement between the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners LLC (CAMP) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). After consideration of a number of V2I safety applications, Red Light Violation Warning (RLVW), Curve Speed Warning (CSW) and Reduced Speed Zone Warning with Lane Closure Warning (RSZW/LC) were developed, validated and demonstrated using seven different vehicles (six passenger vehicles and one Class 8 truck) leveraging DSRC-based messages from a Road Side Unit (RSU). The developed V2I safety applications were validated for more than 20 distinct scenarios and over 100 test runs using both light- and heavy-duty vehicles over a period of seven months. Subsequently, additional on-road testing of CSW on public roads and RSZW/LC in live work zones were conducted in Southeast Michigan.

The purpose of this paper is an attempt to make a good compromise between ride and handling without deteriorating each other. Compromise between ride and handling has been a problem for suspension designer. Attempts are made by varing suspension parameters. Effects of each combination has been tested with basic ride and handling test methods. For ride to maintain a constant natural frequency through all load range was a primary target. And for handling to get adequate roll angle at 0.5g lateral acceleration was a target. In conclusion, combination of polyurethane suspension bump and normal rear spring was proved to be able to provide the best compromise, low cost, light weight and better performance. This also showed polyurethane bumper could carry out spring aids successfully.

Recently, customers have been demanding increased safety features in cars. Meanwhile, auto magazines now seek to publish the stopping distance. Further, the car development period has become shorter. For all these reasons, a precise estimation of the ABS stopping distance has grown important. A few steps that can be taken to improve accurate simulations of the ABS stopping distance are as follows: 1 Development of the tire hysteresis concept, its confirmation by test results, and then its application. 2 Free diagram development of the wheel combining ideal braking force, real braking force, and specific tire quality. 3 Modeling of HCU. 4 Application of ABS and EBD logic. 5 Application of booster characteristic to the section of early braking.

Copper has been regarded as one of the indispensable ingredients in the brake friction materials since it provides high thermal diffusivity at the sliding interface. However, the recent regulations against environmentally hazardous ingredients limit the use of copper in the commercial friction material and much effort has been made for the alternatives. In this work, the role of the cuprous ingredients such as copper fiber, copper powder, cupric oxide (CuO), and copper sulfide (CuS) are studied using the friction materials based on commercial formulations. The investigation was performed using a full inertial brake dynamometer and 1/5 scale dynamometer for brake performance and wear test. Results showed that the cuprous ingredients played a crucial role in maintaining the stable friction film at the friction interface, resulting in improved friction stability and reduced aggressiveness against counter disk.

Various deformation shapes of the vehicle body were investigated for the purpose to establish vehicle body's performance criteria which correlates well to handling performance and ride comfort. Using CAE tool, the dynamic behavior of a structure by its modal parameter can be described instead of by its nodes and elements. Each modal characteristic in a dynamic system is reduced by its modal stiffness, its modal mass and its damping parameter in the model. This technology offers not only computational efficiency but also parametric model enabling easy what-if simulation. This reduced model can be obtained by modal test as well as simulation of full FE model. It was also investigated that which mode is sensitive to ride or handling performance using the parameterized model. The body stiffness of the brand new 2010 SONATA was improved on reference to the sensitivity analysis. The ride and handling performance of the 2010 SONATA were verified by computer simulation and vehicle field test

The turning radius is designed with considering sufficient gap between front tires including snow chains and front parts around wheels (e.g. side member, wheel guard, and suspension control arms). Therefore, when we don't use the snow chain needed only in winter season, there remains gap between tires and elements around front wheels. Since there is much available space between the front tire and other parts around wheel without the snow chains, we strived to increase the steering angle of the front wheels for the smaller turning radius of the vehicle. In this paper, with the idea, we strived to develop the VRS (Variable Rack Stroke) system which is invented by Hyundai Motor Company for the first time around world and is capable of varying the minimum tuning radius of the vehicle.

In order to replace PVC with TPO as I/P skin layer of invisible PAB, the elongation behavior, vacuum thermoforming, thermal, light resistance and low temperature PAB deployment of TPO were investigated. With the elongation properties; 50cN ↑ melt strength, 300mm/s ↑ breaking speed, 200s ↑ breaking time, TPO was vacuum-formed well like PVC. The thermal and light resistances of TPO were superior to PVC. In terms of low temperature airbag test, PVC was fractured with the brittle behavior during the deployment. TPO, however, showed the ductile fracture. And also when TPO was used for PAB cover, the elongation ratio of TPO was also important criterion for the normal break without any interference to I/P part, outside of PAB. The 300∼500% elongation ratio was most preferable.

In order to reduce total drag during aerodynamic optimization process of the passenger vehicle, induced drag should be minimized and pressure drag should be decreased by means of applying streamlined body shape. The reduction of wake area could decrease pressure drag, which was generated by boundary layer separation. The induced drag caused by rear axle lift and C-pillar vortex can be reduced by the employing of trunk lid edge and kick-up or an optimized rear spoiler. When a rear spoiler or kick-up shape was installed on the rear end of a sedan vehicle, drag was reduced but the wake area became larger. This contradiction cannot be explained by simply using Bernoulli’s principle with equal transit or longer path theory. Newtonian explanation with COANDA effect is adopted to explain this phenomenon. The relationships among COANDA effect, down wash, C-pillar vortex, rear axle lift and induced drag are explained.

The design of a product is becoming more important and it affects product preference and buying decision. The objectives of this study are first to determine the major elements affecting the feeling of exterior design from aesthetic engineering point of view, and then to extract the highly correlated design factor within the experimental result. Firstly, the buying preference is highly affected by the dynamic and elegant factors. Through deepening analysis using only 2-door type car, the ‘Cowl and Deck Point Angle * Overall Length / Overall Height’ factor is highly positive correlated, and the ‘Rear Overhang’ factor is highly negative correlated with buying preference. There are three special features of a sports car; firstly, stable (long wheel base) and aggressive (lean towards the front) design makes consumers feel dynamic. Secondly, the consumers prefer modern and sedan-like coupe design. Thirdly, sleek design line and consistent character line are preferred.

Peak pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the ¾ open-jet test-section of the Hyundai Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel have been reduced from root-mean-square levels equal to 6% of the test-section dynamic pressure to levels of less than 0.5% over almost the full wind speed range of the tunnel. The improvement was accomplished using a retrofit of the test-section collector. Using an analysis of the physics of the problem, it was found that the HAWT pressure fluctuations could be accurately modeled as a resonance phenomenon in which acoustic modes of the full wind tunnel circuit are excited by a nozzle-to-collector edgetone-feedback loop. Scaling relations developed from the theory were used to design an experiment in 1/7th scale of the HAWT circuit, which resulted in the development of the new collector design. Data that illustrate the benefit of the reduction in pressure fluctuation amplitudes on passenger-car aerodynamic force measurements are presented.

Most of car makers nowadays produce Cylinder Head Cover with Thermoplastic to get the benefit of weight and cost reduction. The production of Cylinder Head Cover with Thermoplastic brings a number of benefits such as enhancement in productivity, design freedom, integration with other parts and reduction in weight. However, NVH characteristics, sealing performance issues possibly caused by design of cover and gasket and loss of properties of materials when used for long-term period still remain as critical tasks to be solved. Especially in case of car OEMs strongly insist that we have to meet their severe specifications requirements so as to satisfy their customers' growing demand. Sealing performance is one of the core factors, which require continuous effort and studies to meet the OEM's specifications.

This paper proposes a reference steering wheel torque map and a torque tracking algorithm via steer-by-wire to achieve the targeted steering feel. The reference steering wheel torque map is designed using the measurement data of rack force and steering characteristic of a target performance of the vehicle at transition steering test. Since the target performance of the vehicle is only tested in nominal road condition, various road conditions such as disturbances and tire-road friction are not considered. Hence, the measurement data of the rack force that reflects the road conditions in the reference steering wheel torque map have been used. The rack force is the net force which consists of tire aligning moment, road friction force and normal force on the tire kingpin axis. A motor and a magnetorheological damper are used as actuators to generate the desired steering feel using the torque tracking algorithm.

This paper describes a torque steer reduction process for a front-wheel drive car with a high torque engine at the initial stage of vehicle development. Literature reviews for the reduction process and vehicle integration tradeoffs among chassis components, driveline components, and loading condition are included. Drive shaft angle and its stiffness, differential gear stiffness, and power train mount, and vehicle weight distribution are mainly considered. In addition, wheel alignment data such as kingpin offset, kingpin inclination, camber angle, ride height, and dynamic tire radius are also discussed to solve the torque steer problem. This paper introduces an example solution to improve the torque steer during vehicle development stage. In that case, the vehicle parameters should be considered the factors to achieve many requirements. In spite of that restriction of alteration, the result of improvement became better than that of its competitor.

The mobility technique is used to analyze the transfer functions of road noise between the suspension and the body structure. In the previous analyses, the suspension system and the body structure are altogether modeled as subsystems in the noise transfer path. In this paper, the mobility between the suspension and the body structure is analyzed by the dynamic stiffness at the connecting points. The measured drive point acceleration FRF at the connecting point in the transfer path was used to estimate the contributions of subsystems. The vibration modes of tire, the acoustic noise of tire's interior cavity, the vibration modes of the car's interior room, and the vibrations of body structure and the chassis are also considered to analyze the coupling effects of the road noise. Analyzing the measured results, direction for modification of car components is suggested.

Lithium-ion battery has advantages of high energy density and cost effectiveness than other types of batteries. However due to the low mechanical stability, their performance is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Especially, external pressure on a cell surface is a crucial factor because an appropriate force can improve battery cycle life, but excessive force may cause structural failure. In addition, battery pack is composed of various components so that uncertainties in dimension and material properties of each component can cause a wide variance in initial pressure. Therefore, it is important to optimize structural design of battery pack to ensure initial pressure in an effective range. In this paper, target stiffness of module structure was determined based on cell level cycle life test, then structural design has been optimized for weight reduction. Cell cycling tests were performed under different stiffness conditions and analyzed with regression model.

Conventional combustion models are suitable for predicting flame propagation for a wrinkled flamelet configuration. But they cannot predict the burned gas composition. This causes the overestimation of burned gas temperature and pressure. A modified method of combustion simulation was established to calculate the chemical composition and to investigate their ultimate fate in the burned gas region. In this work, the secondary products of combustion process, like CO and H2, were considered as well as the primary products like CO2 and H2O. A 3-dimensional CFD program was used to simulate the turbulent combustion and a zero dimensional equilibrium code was used to predict the chemical composition of burned gas. With this simple connection, more reasonable temperature and pressure approaching the real phenomena were predicted without additional time costs.

Automotive OEMs have introduced a new development paradigm, modular architecture development, to improve diversity quality and production efficiency. It needs solid fundamentals of system-based performance evaluation and development for each system level and single component level. When it comes to NVH development, it is challenging to realize the modular concept because noise and vibration should be transferred through various transfer path consisting of many parts and systems, which interact with each other. It is challenging for a single system of interest to be evaluated independently of the adjacent parts and environments. In this study, a new system-based development process for a vehicle suspension was investigated by applying blocked force theory and FRF-based dynamic substructuring. The objective is to determine the better dynamic stiffness distribution of many bushes installed in a suspension system in the frequency range corresponding to road noise.

In this study, the preliminary validation method of the steering system is constructed and the objective is to satisfy the target performance in the conceptual design stage for minimizing the problems after the detailed design. The first consideration about steering system is how to extract the reliable steering effort for parking. The tire model commonly used in MBD(Multi-Body Dynamics) has limited ability to represent deformations under heavy loads. Therefore, it is necessary to study adequate tire model to simulate the behavior due to the large deformation and friction between the ground and the tire. The two approaches related with F tire model and mathematical model are used. The second is how to extract each link’s load in the conceptual design stage. Until now, each link’s load could be derived only by actual vehicle test, and a durability analysis was performed using only pre-settled RIG test conditions.

Numerous machine elements are operated in mixed lubrication regime where is governed by a combination of boundary and fluid film effects. The direct contact between two surfaces reduces a machines life by increasing local pressure. In order to estimate machine's life exactly, the effect of asperity contact should be considered in the lubrication model. In this study, new 3-dimensional partial elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (PEHL) algorithm is developed. The algorithm contains the procedures to find out solid contact regions within the lubricated regime and to calculate both the pressure by fluid film and the contact pressure between the asperities of the solids. Using the algorithm, we conducted the PEHL analysis for the contact between the rotating shaft and the inside of pinion gear. To investigate the effect of surface topology two different surfaces with sinusoidal profile are used. Both film thickness and pressure are calculated successfully through the PEHL algorithm.