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The prediction of the temperature profile inside an operating electric motor is one of the most important challenges while designing a motor and its associated cooling & lubrication system. This paper describes an integrated thermal simulation methodology for a surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) synchronous motor by coupling 1D thermal network analysis with 3D thermal simulation. 1D lumped parameter model is developed with a network of interconnected nodes and thermal resistances representing the heat processes within the SPMSM. The resistances are calculated using theoretical formulae and this thermal network is presented as a system of linear equations solved using matrix operations. Further this network is integrated with 3D FEM model in which lumped parameters are replaced by physical parameters to observe temperature variation within different motor components and simulated in 3D through commercially available tool.

Double-hole nozzle and multiple injections have the potential for better fuel atomization and mixing in DI engine. In order to evaluate the behavior of the spray for the double-hole nozzles against traditional single-hole ones, high-speed spray visualization was carried out using a streak film camera and a copper vapor laser, and in combination with a long-distance camera when taking microscopic movies. The spray penetration and the cone angle were measured based on the images and compared for variable injection pressures, and for single and split injections, under ambient and elevated chamber pressure conditions. The results showed that the spray of the double-hole nozzle has comparable penetration but smaller cone angle when viewed from the nozzle end, compared to the single-hole nozzle with the same total hole discharge cross-sectional area. For microscopic view, it was observed that the interaction between the dual sprays is very dynamic.

Using Model-Based Design, engineers model complex systems and simulate them on their desktop environment for analysis and design purposes. Model-Based Design supports a wide variety of C/C++ code generation applications that include stand-alone simulation, rapid control prototyping, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and production or embedded code deployment. Many of these code generation scenarios impose different requirements on the generated code. Stand-alone simulations usually need to run fast, for parameter sweep or Monte Carlo studies, but do not need to execute in true hard real-time. Hardware-in-the-loop tests by definition use engine control unit (ECU) component hardware that requires a hard real-time execution environment to protect the physical devices. Code generated for production ECUs must satisfy hard real-time, efficiency, legacy code, and other requirements involving verification and validation efforts.

This oil category was driven by two new cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engine tests operating with 15% EGR, with used oil soot levels at the end of the test ranging from 6 to 9%. These tests are the Mack T-10 and Cummins M11 EGR, which address ring, cylinder liner, bearing, and valve train wear; filter plugging, and sludge. In addition to these two new EGR tests, there is a Caterpillar single-cylinder test without EGR which measures piston deposits and oil consumption control using an articulated piston. This test is called the Caterpillar 1R and is included in the existing Global DHD-1 specification. In total, the API CI-4 category includes eight fired-engine tests and seven bench tests covering all the engine oil parameters. The new bench tests include a seal compatibility test for fresh oils and a low temperature pumpability test for used oils containing 5% soot. This paper provides a review of the all the tests, matrix results, and limits for this new oil category.