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The valve motion of a direct-acting valve train was measured, and an equivalent model with the main object of the jump and bounce occurrence and the valve spring stresses was developed, as described below: (1) The jump and bounce were clarified by direct measurement at the positions they occurred. (2) The equivalent model was developed which features the contact elements and the valve spring model with two or more masses per coil and the function of coil contact. (3) Based on the experimental results, identification of parameters and verification of the model were performed. It was proved that the simulation corresponded with the experimental results. (4) Using this model, the accurate prediction of the motions and stresses of reciprocating components becomes possible in the design process. (5) Consequently, a synthetic tool for the design and evaluation for valve trains driven at higher speed is completed.

Through several experiences on the development of high performance 4-valve engines for sporty passenger cars, Toyota has found another way to apply its benefits for standard engines. The main benefits are, high volumetric efficiency, low friction loss and fast burn by a central spark plug; all of which are no doubt available for standard engines as well. At the same time Toyota notices that careful attention should be paid to the idea of making the engine torque curve higher in the low and middle speed ranges instead of only high horsepower in the high speed range. As a result of numerous schematic studies including 3-valve layouts, three important factors such as 4-valve combustion chamber having a narrow valve angle, a valve gear composed of double camshafts and direct acting tappet with ‘no’ hydraulic valve lash adjuster were finally selected. This combustion chamber gives a compact cylinder head similar to that of a SOHC.