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Cellular exposure to diluted exhaust gas is a promising method to assess the adverse effects of road traffic on human health. To fully understand the potential correlation between emission patterns, vehicle technologies and cellular toxicity in real-world scenarios, further research is needed. This study evaluates the toxicity of exhaust emissions from two advanced technology vehicles in real-world driving conditions. One vehicle is a gasoline direct injection (GDI) with a particle filter (GPF), while the other is a gasoline port fuel injection (PFI) hybrid without a GPF. The vehicles were tested on a chassis dyno using a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test cycle that replicates on-road conditions. The test cycle included both cold and hot starting engine conditions. Human epithelial A549 cells were exposed to diluted exhaust using an Air Liquid Interface (ALI) system to assess toxicity. Τhe particle dose during cell exposure simulated human inhalation in an urban environment.

Vehicle powertrain electrification is considered one of the main measures adopted by vehicle manufacturers to achieve the CO2 emissions targets. Although the development of vehicles with hybrid and plug-in hybrid powertrains is based on existing platforms, the complexity of the system is significantly increased. As a result, the demands of testing during the development and calibration stages is getting significantly higher. To compensate that, high-fidelity simulation models are used as a cost-effective solution. This paper aims to present the methodology followed for the development of a rule-based energy management controller for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and to describe the experimental campaign carried out with this passenger car. The controller is implemented in a vehicle simulation model that is parametrized to replicate the operation of the vehicle.