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The use of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), often referred to as biodiesel, instead of fossil diesel fuel is under consideration in order to increase the share of fuels from renewable sources and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In Europe, commercial diesel fuels already contain up to 7% biodiesel. Higher biodiesel blends or the use of pure biodiesel are probable measures to further increase the share of fuels from renewable sources. Due to its different feedstock and refining process, the specification of biodiesel reveals some important distinctions in comparison with standard diesel fuel. The current work aims to discuss the possible implications of biodiesel utilization on the aftertreatment systems of recent heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles compliant with EURO VI legislation. In particular, the effect of biodiesel on heat-up operation, i.e., the increase of the exhaust gas temperature by catalytic combustion of fuel within a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), is investigated.