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This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a comprehensive overview of primary water content measurement instrumentation, for both facility-based icing research and in-flight icing research, over the range of commonly used aircraft certification icing envelopes. It includes information on the theory of operation of the instruments, system errors and limitations, and practical considerations when using them for cloud characterization. This document does not address other icing cloud measurements of interest, such as particle sizing, or measurement of phenomena such as snow, sleet, or hail.

This specification covers the general requirements for the design, installation, and performance of thermal anti-icing equipment for the wings and empennage surfaces in aircraft.

This specification covers the general requirements for the design, installation, and performance of thermal anti-icing equipment for the wings and empennage surfaces in aircraft.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains information on most of the major icing simulation ground facilities. An effort was made to obtain data from as many facilities as possible over a two year time period. The data in this document represents the state of the facilities in calendar year 1996. Facilities are constantly changing and upgrading and, therefore, some facility specifications may change during the life of this report. Of the 27 facilities described in this report, the primary use is split with approximately half for engine testing and half for wind tunnel testing. The facilities are limited to ground facilities and, therefore, icing tankers have not been included.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains information on most of the major icing simulation ground facilities. An effort was made to obtain data from as many facilities as possible over a two year time period. The data in this document represents the state of the facilities in calendar year 1996. Facilities are constantly changing and upgrading and, therefore, some facility specifications may change during the life of this report. Of the 27 facilities described in this report, the primary use is split with approximately half for engine testing and half for wind tunnel testing. The facilities are limited to ground facilities and, therefore, icing tankers have not been included.

This specification covers one type of spray equipment for the elimination of ice formation on aircraft windows.

This specification covers one type of spray equipment for the elimination of ice formation on aircraft windows.

The purpose of this AIR is to compile in one definitive source, commonly accepted calibration, acceptance criteria and procedures for simulation of Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD) conditions within icing wind tunnels. Facilities that meet the criteria for either some or all of the recognized conditions will have known SLD icing simulation capability.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements.

This Icing Technology Bibliography is a compendium of references from the open literature that were published prior to the original 1987 issuance of the AIR, including both national and foreign sources. Due to the generality of the subject, and the difficulty of fully investigating every available source, the Bibliography in this document is not intended to be complete.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design, and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

The new standard will establish minimum performance requirements for angle of attack (AOA) and angle of sideslip (AOS) sensors in ice and rain conditions. The new standard will cover the various sensor technologies used to measure these flow angles and is limited to the sensor itself as defined from the portion of the sensor that is directly exposed to the ice and rain environment to the means by which its output is relayed to the relevant aircraft systems. The user of this standard must evaluate the aircraft level installation requirements for the probe to ensure adequate coverage for the application. It may be necessary to modify the test conditions in order to meet the applicable installation requirements.

A review of icing materials that would be educational to a designer of a UAV ice protection system is provided. Additionally, the differences between unmanned and manned ice protection systems are explored along with a discussion on how these differences can be addressed.

This document provides information on current practices for testing air data probes to 14 CFR Part 33 Appendix D ice crystal and mixed phase icing conditions. This AIR is primarily concerned with techniques for measuring the flow and icing environment in the test facility. While the focus of this report is the testing of air data probes, techniques described may be applicable to Appendix D tests of other aerospace equipment as well.

Consolidate ice adhesion & accretion (and shedding) testing methods & define their applicability to real world icing conditions (need to define the attributes & processes) Document the physics governing ice adhesion strengths & accretion behaviors Define characteristics of ice formed in a range of atmosphere conditions Propose testing methods & facility requirements capable of differentiating ice adhesion consistently Define material properties affecting ice adhesion, including surface characteristics, preparation methods, and degradation Definitions of terminologies (ice types, atmosphere conditions, accretion dynamics, strengths & applicability (shear, tensile etc.), passive ice protection vs. active ice protection, etc.)

This Icing Technology Bibliography is a compendium of references from the open literature, including both national and foreign sources. Due to the generality of the subject, and the difficulty of fully investigating every available source, the present Bibliography is not intended to be complete. However, it will be updated every 18 months by the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee. Any suggestions in terms of additional references, sources, and corrections should be referred to the Icing Technology Bibliography Panel of the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee.