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This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements.

This Icing Technology Bibliography is a compendium of references from the open literature that were published prior to the original 1987 issuance of the AIR, including both national and foreign sources. Due to the generality of the subject, and the difficulty of fully investigating every available source, the Bibliography in this document is not intended to be complete.

This Icing Technology Bibliography is a compendium of references from the open literature that were published prior to the original 1987 issuance of the AIR, including both national and foreign sources. Due to the generality of the subject, and the difficulty of fully investigating every available source, the Bibliography in this document is not intended to be complete.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes minimum ice and rain performance criteria for electrically-heated pitot and pitot-static probes intended for use on the following classes of fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft. The classes of fixed-wing aircraft are defined by aircraft flight envelopes and are shown in Figure 1. The flight envelopes generally fall into the classes as shown below: The user of this standard must evaluate the aircraft level installation requirements for the probe against the class definition criteria to ensure adequate coverage for the application. It may be necessary to step up in class or modify the test conditions in order to meet the applicable installation requirements. NOTE: Class 2 is divided into two subgroups identified as either Class 2a or Class 2b. Class 2a probe applications typically include aircraft that operate within the mid to lower end of the Class 2 altitude range and that only use probe output to display basic airspeed and/or altitude.

This Icing Technology Bibliography is a compendium of references from the open literature, including both national and foreign sources. Due to the generality of the subject, and the difficulty of fully investigating every available source, the present Bibliography is not intended to be complete. However, it will be updated every 18 months by the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee. Any suggestions in terms of additional references, sources, and corrections should be referred to the Icing Technology Bibliography Panel of the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee.

This document provides information regarding ice detector technology and design. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498, but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and, in particular, those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end, an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low-velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.

This document provides information regarding ice detector technology, and design and operating requirements. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets with significant forward velocities. Information related to detection of ice at static conditions, ice over cold fuel tanks, and icing at low velocity operation is also included. The material is primarily applicable to transport and light aircraft. Special consideration for rotorcraft is appended separately.