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The potential exists for significantly reducing operating costs by minimizing missing and overlap in successive agricultural field operations, particularly in areas where the equipment is pull-behind and widths of over fifteen meters are common. This paper reports on the development of a sensor, consisting of a video camera and image processing system, to detect the location of the demarcation line between tilled-and-untilled soil and cut-and-standing crop. The development of hardware and software to achieve real-time operation under a variety of crop, soil and ambient lighting conditions is described.

Understanding the Relationships between plants and soil is important in the development of methods of crop production. Although physical properties of soil conducive to plant growth can be recognized by experienced observers, many of these properties have not been defined satisfactorily in mathematical or physical terms. A method of measuring penetration resistance and energy exerted by a mechanical seedling (a steel probe simulating a seedling) as it moved upward through the soil surface under different levels of surface compaction and soil moisture was examined. Mechanical seedlings with 2.06, 3.19 and 4.65 mm tip diameters were tested at soil moisture levels of 13, 17, and 20%. The penetration rate of the mechanical seedling while moving through the soil was held constant at 10 mm/min. Results showed that the emergence energy increased directly with soil surface compaction pressure, initial soil moisture content, and mechanical seedling diameters.

The Dyna-Bite®* traction system, developed by the Omitrac corporation, consists of a series of retractable spades which can be placed over a conventional tractor drive tires to improve traction under varying soil conditions. An initial model of the traction system was tested in 1986 (1)**. The performance of this model was compared with a 2WD tractor equipped with single drive tires and a front wheel assist (FWA) tractor. More recently, an improved model DB3-RM was evaluated at the University of Saskatchewan. The results were compared with an equally ballasted IH 1086 2WD tractor equipped with single and dual drive wheels (2). Tests for both studies were conducted on a wide range of soil moisture conditions under a variety of drawbar pull levels. Both models of the traction system provided significant traction improvements. Initial model of the traction system performed nearly as good as FWA while the later model proved superior to both single and dual wheels.

The performance of simple tool shapes in terms of draft with speed of operation was evaluated in the soil bin facility of the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan. A hydraulic driven monorail system was developed, which was capable of speeds up to 10 m/s. The results showed that the disturbed soil remained close to the cutting path, and the elliptical shape exhibited the lowest draft increment with speed.

Flax, which is known for its linens and oils that are used for industrial products, can also be utilized as a cost effective and environmentally acceptable approach to the creation of a partially biodegradable biocomposite. Biocomposite material is investigated by combining recycled tire rubber, flax and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The manufacturing process which be used to fabricate the biocomposite product included Extrusion and Compression Molding. Optimizing and studying the composition percentages of the compounds were studied in this paper. Moreover, the properties of the product were observed by using tensile test, tearing test, water absorption test, hardness test and Differential Scanning Calorimetry.

This work is based on comparative study of oilseed flax fibre and glass fibre reinforced composite boards for potential application in automotive industries. The material characterizations of flax and glass fibre-composites using unsaturated polyester as matrix were evaluated. Vacuum infusion was used for fabrication of composites. Flexural, tensile, water absorption and color tests were conducted on the composite boards. The density and the moisture content of flax/glass fibre mats were also measured. Three types of composite boards, including flax, glass and flax-glass sandwich were developed and characterized.

Western Canada has large acreage of oilseed flax, but unfortunately a small percentage of total crop residue (flax straw) produced annually is being commercially used. Therefore, farmers are still burning the flax straw. Flax fiber and straw has highest strength amongst the different natural fibers, therefore, the prospect of using them as biorenewable reinforcement in recycled/ virgin polymer matrices has gained attention in recent years. Flax strawboard has a potential to replace the currently used wood and other crop like wheat/barley straw boards for different industrial application. In this research Oilseed flax straw reinforced composite boards were developed using flax shives with biopolymer binder made out of recycled/ pure thermo plastic and flax fiber. Some advantages of such materials are high strength, low density, good insulation capacity against heat and moisture transfer, and biodegradability.

Pulse width modulation (PWM) has been used to alter the performance of on-off hydraulic control valves to make them perform as proportional type flow control valves. Nonlinear performance resulting from time delays in valve switching as well as valve wear due to continuous cycling continue to persist as operational problems. This paper examines a new technique called modified PWM control. The method was found to provide accurate control with a minimum of valve chatter.