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The purpose of this document is to present general considerations for the design and use of aircraft wheel chocks. The design and use of aircraft wheel chocks is a good deal more complicated than it may appear at first glance.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, selecting appropriate applications for electric powered ground support equipment (GSE) at airports.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, selecting appropriate applications for electric powered ground support equipment (GSE) at airports.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This Recommended Practice covers the following categories: a Basic engine rating (requirements for) - (Para. 3) b Suggested minimum conditions for selection - (Para. 4) c Recommended horsepower rating reductions - (Para. 5) d Special considerations - (Para. 6) e Recommended safety devices - (Para. 7) f Recommended minimum instrumentation - (Para. 8) g Recommended selection support data - (Para. 9) h Recommended usage of ARP - (Para. 10)

This report is applicable to any type of aerospace ground support vehicle, powered, or unpowered.

The present Aerospace Recommended Practice specifies for airplane operator and tow vehicle manufacturers the basic testing requirements for towbarless tow vehicles to be used on the nose gear of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with maximum ramp weight between 8600 kg (19 000 lb) and 50 000 kg (110 000 lb), commonly designated as “regional aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve testing results, or equivalent computer modeling, demonstrating that the loads induced by the tow vehicle will not exceed the design loads of the airplane’s nose landing gear and associated structure, reduce the certified safe life limit of the nose landing gear, or otherwise compromise the airplane’s structural integrity and airworthiness certification.

The present Aerospace Recommended Practice specifies for airplane operator and tow vehicle manufacturers the basic testing requirements for towbarless tow vehicles to be used on the nose gear of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with maximum ramp weight between 8,600 kg (19,000 lb) and 50,000 kg (110,000 lb), commonly designated as “regional aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve testing results, or equivalent computer modeling, demonstrating that the loads induced by the tow vehicle will not exceed the design loads of the airplane's nose landing gear and associated structure, reduce the certified safe life limit of the nose landing gear, or otherwise compromise the airplane's structural integrity and airworthiness certification.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the interface requirements for towbar attachment fittings on the nose gear (when towing operations are performed from the nose gear) of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with a maximum ramp weight between 8600 kg (19 000 lb) and 50 000 kg (110 000 lb), commonly designated as "regional aircraft". Its purpose is to achieve towbar attachment fittings interface standardization by aircraft weight category (which determines towbar forces) in order to ensure that one single type of towbar with a standard connection can be used for all aircraft types within or near that weight category, so as to assist operators and airport handling companies in reducing the number of different towbar types used.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the interface requirements for towbar attachment fittings on the nose gear (when towing operations are performed from the nose gear) of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with a maximum ramp weight between 8600 kg (19 000 lb) and 50 000 kg (110 000 lb), commonly designated as “regional aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve towbar attachment fittings interface standardization by aircraft weight category (which determines towbar forces) in order to ensure that one single type of towbar with a standard connection can be used for all aircraft types within or near that weight category, so as to assist operators and airport handling companies in reducing the number of different towbar types used.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines recommended ramp pavement marking standards for proper guidance and positioning of GSE on commercial transport aircraft parking and handling stands (gates), in line with International Civil Aviation (ICAO) recommendations applicable to airport aprons. Throughout this document, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory, are considered to be of primary importance in providing safety effective ramp markings. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the interface requirements for tow bar attachment fittings on the nose gear (when towing operations are performed from the nose gear) of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with a maximum ramp weight higher than 50,000 kg (110,000 pounds), commonly designated as “main line aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve tow bar attachment fittings interface standardization by aircraft weight category (which determines tow bar forces) in order to ensure that one single type of tow bar with a standard connection can be used for all aircraft types within or near that weight category, so as to assist operators and airport handling companies in reducing the number of different tow bar types used.

The protective device hereinafter called a “fender” is intended to serve its purpose during normal aircraft servicing and prevent damage during docking contact rather than aggressive impact.

The protective device hereinafter called a "fender," is intended to serve its purpose during normal aircraft servicing and prevent damage during docking contact rather than agressive impact.

This Recommended Practice outlines the general requirements for a transportable self-contained, continuous duty, diesel engine driven brushless alternator unit for supplying 400-Hertz electrical power to high performance commercial transport aircraft. It is intended to assist the airlines in standardardizing recommendations for various sizes and configurations of equipment and it is a guide for the preparation of detailed specifications by the purchaser. The unit is primarily intended to supply power to the aircraft during passenger loading and unloading, and during servicing operations at airports throughout the world. The combination of the equipment specified herein and the interconnecting cable(s) between the 400-Hertz alternator and the aircraft shall provide power characteristics at the aircraft receptacle which meet MIL-STD-704A requirements for Category "B" equipment. Other limits which are necessary to meet specific conditions must be specified by the purchaser.

This Recommended Practice outlines the basic general design requirements for powered mobile ground support equipment used in the civil air transport industry. It is intended to assist the airlines in standardizing requirements for various configurations of equipment.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the basic general design requirements for ground support equipment used in the civil air transport industry. It is intended to assist the airlines in standardizing requirements for various configurations of equipment. For procurement of equipment, sections of this document should be specified with due consideration of the functional and environmental requirements of the equipment, and to the relative cost of satisfying those requirements.

This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the basic general design requirements for ground support equipment used in the civil air transport industry. It is intended to assist the airlines in standardizing requirements for various configurations of equipment; use only applicable sections for non-motorized equipment.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.