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The principles of the magnetic-perturbation method of flaw detection and the Barkhausen noise residual stress measurement method are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that they provide very powerful tools for assuring improved ball bearing performance. The methods are applied for the evaluation of ball bearing races. Typical experimental results are presented along with metallurgical sectioning correlation.

This oil category was driven by two new cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engine tests operating with 15% EGR, with used oil soot levels at the end of the test ranging from 6 to 9%. These tests are the Mack T-10 and Cummins M11 EGR, which address ring, cylinder liner, bearing, and valve train wear; filter plugging, and sludge. In addition to these two new EGR tests, there is a Caterpillar single-cylinder test without EGR which measures piston deposits and oil consumption control using an articulated piston. This test is called the Caterpillar 1R and is included in the existing Global DHD-1 specification. In total, the API CI-4 category includes eight fired-engine tests and seven bench tests covering all the engine oil parameters. The new bench tests include a seal compatibility test for fresh oils and a low temperature pumpability test for used oils containing 5% soot. This paper provides a review of the all the tests, matrix results, and limits for this new oil category.

With this technology, it was possible to measure ring and bearing wear simultaneously, in real-time, without disassembling the engine for inspection.

The performance of the final test article will be shown over a variety of both regulatory duty cycles and other off-cycle operations.

It is important that bus inspection and maintenance (I/M) operations have a quality control “test” to check engine emissions or diagnose the engine state-of-tune before or after maintenance.

With this technology, it is possible to measure ring, bearing, and liner wear simultaneously, in real-time, without disassembling the engine for inspection. The use of germanium based spectrometers has significantly improved isotope resolution, enabling better component identification and increasing the probability that more components can be observed simultaneously.

Each of the first 8 minutes of the driving cycle was studied separately to observe vehicle warm-up. Several engine and fuel system temperatures were monitored during soak and run periods and example trends are illustrated.

Combustion data were recorded for various repeat conditions on a Ford 1.8L Zetec engine. The first set of engine tests used four, new, conventional, automotive spark plugs. The second set of engine tests used four modified spark plugs that induced 100% rim-fire when the ground strap was permanently removed.

Assessing the feasibility of candidate emission control strategies is an important first step. Various emission reduction technologies were applied to three different 4-stroke engines.

Many studies involving the emissions from several of these sources have been conducted and reported; however, it is believed that this is the first study designed to develop emission data from all the sources of a single group of passenger cars.

To accomplish this, a study was first performed to find and evaluate the various types of refueling technologies available both inside and outside of the U.S.

This paper is the third in a series of papers on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the off-highway vehicle. The first paper was an overview of a complete EMC program with discussion of several important segments.

Typical two-site storage-based SCR plant models in literature consider NH3 stored in the first site to participate in NH3 storage, NOx conversion and second site to only participate in NH3 storage passively. ...The stored NH3 in the second site undergoes mass transfer to the first site during temperature ramps encountered in a transient cycle that leads to increased NOx conversion in conditions where the dosing is switched off.

The technologies include: 1) intake throttling, 2) high temperature glow plugs with model-based temperature control, 3) multiple fuel injections, 4) high EGR idle operation after the first hill, 5) improved diesel particulate filter (DPF) catalyst formulation, and 6) a small close-coupled LNT with improved an formulation. ...This paper describes the benefits of the engine tuning technologies (1-4) and evaluates the strategy during transient engine dynamometer investigations that simulate the first 162 seconds of the FTP75. Using the combined engine tuning technologies, HC emission reduction of over 80% relative to the baseline calibration was achieved at the tailpipe (or more correctly, at the entrance to the underfloor NOx control device) with the baseline aftertreatment system.

An JLO two-stroke diesel engine was converted first to a natural gas fueled spark-ignited engine for the baseline tests, and then to an SCGI engine.

The results of this study are the first of their type to be widely distributed, so it is imperative that the use of emissions values computed be treated with caution until other laboratories can confirm these findings.

The performance of these technologies was compared using an engine test cell which was programmed to simulate the first portion of the FTP-75 test cycle.

To outline the differences of the new engine concept with a conventional low-pressure loop (LPL) EGR setup, a turbocharged 2.0 L PFI engine was modified to operate in both modes and also compared to the baseline. The first part of the cooled EGR engine concept comparison investigates efficiency, emissions, combustion stability, and robustness at throttled part load conditions.

This paper forms the third of a series and presents results obtained during the testing and development phase of a dedicated range extender engine designed for use in a compact class vehicle. The first paper in this series used real world drive logs to identify usage patterns of such vehicles and a driveline model was used to determine the power output requirements of a range extender engine for this application.

In the first phase, a literature review created a database of diesel engine-out emissions. The database consisted chiefly of data from heavy-duty diesel engines; therefore, the need for an emission testing program for light- and medium-duty engines was identified.