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As environmental problems such as global warming are emerging, regulations on automobile exhaust gas are strengthened and various exhaust gas reduction technologies are being developed in various countries in order to satisfy exhaust emission regulations. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology is a very effective way to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) at high combustion temperatures by using EGR coolers to lower the combustion temperature. This EGR cooler has been mass-produced in stainless steel, but it is expensive and heavy. Recently, high efficiency and compactness are required for the EGR cooler to meet the new emission regulation. If aluminum material is applied to the EGR cooler, heat transfer efficiency and light weight can be improved due to high heat transfer coefficient of aluminum compared to conventional stainless steel, but durability is insufficient. Therefore, the aluminum EGR cooler has been developed to enhance performance and durability.

CO2 emission is more serious in recent years and automobile manufacturers are interested in developing technologies to reduce CO2 emissions. Among various environmental-technologies, the use of solar roof as an electric energy source has been studied extensively. For example, in order to reduce the cabin ambient temperature, automotive manufacturers offer the option of mounting a solar cell on the roof of the vehicle [1]. In this paper, we introduce the semi-transparent solar cell mounted on a curved roof glass and we propose a solar energy management system to efficiently integrate the electricity generated from the solar roof into internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In order to achieve a high efficiency solar system in different driving, we improve the usable power other than peak power of solar roof. Peak power or rated power is measured power (W) in standard test condition (@ 25°C, light intensity of 1000W/m2(=1Sun)).

A physics-based model for SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) was developed based on five independent SGB (Synthetic Gas Bench) tests. There are NH3 adsorption & desorption test, NO oxidation test, NH3 oxidation test, SCR reaction (NOx & NH3) test and SV (Space Velocity) test. To validate the accuracy of SCR model’s prediction, transient reactor tests were conducted at four different input conditions. A newly developed SCR model showed more than 90% prediction accuracy in transient test conditions in view of cumulative NOx. Validation of SCR model was conducted on 1.6L light duty diesel vehicle in the WLTC (Worldwide Harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle). Based upon this SCR model, vehicle level SCR calibrations used for urea dosing control were made and validated in the emission test cycles like WLTC.

In diesel engine development, the new technology is coming out to meet the stringent exhaust emission regulation. The regulation demands more eco-friendly vehicles. Euro6c demands to meet not only WLTP mode, but also RDE(Real Driving Emission). In order to satisfy RDE mode, the new technology to reduce emissions should cover all operating areas including High Load & High Speed. It is a big challenge to reduce NOx on the RDE mode and a lot of DeNOx technologies are being developed. So the new DeNOx technology is needed to cover widened operating area and strict acceleration / deacceleration. The existing LNT(Lean NOx Trap) and Urea SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) is necessary to meet the typical NEDC or WLTP, but the RDE mode demands the powerful DeNOx technology. Therefore, the LNT & Urea SCR on DPF was developed through this study.

This Study describes about the development of new concept' rear wheel guards for the reduction of Road Noise in the passenger vehicles. The new wheel guards are proposed by various frequency chamber concept and different textile layers concept. Two wheel guards were verified by small cabin resonance and vehicle tests. Through new developing process without vehicle test, Result of road noise will be expected if this concepts and materials of wheel guard are applied into automotive vehicle. As this concept consider tire radiation noise frequency and multilayers sound control multilayers, 2 concepts reduced road noise from 0.5 to 1.0dB. The proposed method of part reverberant absorption is similar to results of vehicle tests by part absorption index. Furthermore, optimization of frequency band in wheel guards will reduce more 0.5 dB noises. As a result of the application of Aimed Helmholtz and Multilayers concept, this paper classifies reduction of the road noise, cost and weights.

In order to apply an effective noise reduction treatment determining the contribution of different engine components to the total sound perceived inside the cabin is important. Although accelerometer or laser based vibration tests are usually performed, the sound contributions are not always captured accurately with such approaches. Microphone based methods are strongly influenced by the many reflections and other sound sources inside the engine bay. Recently, it has been shown that engine radiation can be effectively measured using microphones combined with particle velocity sensors while the engine remains mounted in the car [6]. Similar results were obtained as with a dismounted engine in an anechoic room. This paper focusses on the measurement of the transfer path from the engine to the vehicle interior in order to calculate the sound pressure contribution of individual engine sections at the listener's position.

The characteristics of soot particles in an exhaust gas for low temperature diesel combustion (LTC) compared with conventional combustion in a compression ignition engine were experimentally investigated by the elemental and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Morphology of soot particles was also studied by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the result of the TGA, the water can be evaporated until about 150°C for both combustion regimes. The soot particles for LTC contained more volatile hydrocarbons, which can be easily evaporated from 200°C to 420°C compared with conventional diesel combustion. The soot oxidation for conventional combustion occurs up to 600°C, on the other hand the particles for LTC is oxidized below 520°C. Elemental analysis showed higher oxygen weight fraction resulted from the oxygenated hydrocarbon for the soot particles in LTC. TEM has shown primary particles to be in a diameter range of 20 to 50 nm for conventional diesel combustion.

The combustion characteristics of a HSDI diesel engine were analyzed numerically using a reduced chemical kinetics. The reaction mechanism consisting of 26 steps and 17 species including the Zel'dovich NOx mechanism for the higher hydrocarbon fuel was implemented in the KIVA-3V. The characteristic time scale model was adopted to account for the effects of turbulent mixing on the reaction rates. The soot formation and oxidation processes are represented by Hiroyasu's model and NSC's model. The validation cases include the homogenous fuel/air mixture and the spray combustion in a constant volume chamber. After the validation, the present approach was applied to the analysis of the spray combustion processes in a HSDI diesel engine. The present approach reasonably well predicts the ignition delay, combustion processes, and emission characteristics in the high-pressure turbulent spray flame-field encountered in the practical HSDI diesel engines.

Researches about gasoline direct injection compression ignition engine (GDCI), a compression Ignition (CI) engine fueled with gasoline instead of diesel, are getting great attention for operation of the CI engine under higher load conditions with low smoke and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission due to high volatility and low auto-ignitability of gasoline. In this engine, it is very important to investigate gasoline spray characteristics inside the cylinder compared to diesel. Recently, many researchers are using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a useful tool to investigate the spray characteristics of these two fuels inside the internal combustion engines. To simulate gasoline and diesel sprays inside the cylinder, higher volatility of gasoline than those of diesel should be considered properly.

The effect of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) on the soot particles in a compression ignition engine was investigated and compared with conventional diesel fuel. The indicated mean effective pressure of approximately 0.65 MPa was tested under an engine speed of 1200 revolutions per minute. The fuels were injected at an injection timing of −5 crank angle degree after top dead center with injection pressures of 80 MPa. Detailed characteristics of particulate matters were analyzed in terms of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis. Soot aggregates were collected on TEM grid by thermophoretic sampling device installed in the exhaust pipe of the engine. High-resolution TEM images revealed that the WCO biodiesel soot was composed of smaller primary particle than diesel soot. The mean primary particle diameter was measured as 19.9 nm for WCO biodiesel and 23.7 nm for diesel, respectively.

Environmental standards concerning Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) are continuously becoming stricter. The light-duty diesel passenger car market is rapidly increasing due to performance improvements and the economic advantages of the diesel engine. To meet EURO 4 diesel passenger car emission regulations, regeneration experiments of a catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) system have been performed with 2.0L common-rail diesel engine. For effective regeneration of the CPF system, we investigated the effects of various regeneration conditions on the system. Conditions such as exhaust gas temperature, oxygen/hydrocarbon concentrations, gas compositions, etc. were investigated. We found that the regeneration efficiency was improved when the exhaust gas temperature increased to more than 700°C during CPF regeneration using engine post injection. An additional amount of post injection increased the exhaust gas temperature and residual hydrocarbon content.

Thii paper describes Hyundai's research and development work on the dedicated compressed natural gas (CNG) engine, A conventional light duty gasoline engine, a 1.5 liter four cylinder DOHC, has been modified to run on natural gas (NG) by a gas injection system and engine dynamometer test has been performed with emphasis on optimizations of compression ratio and intake port. Also presented are the results on the exhaust emissions characteristic and the purification performance of three-way catalytic converters developed for NG engine. Fuel composition and THC emissions are analyzed quantitatively using gas chromatography devices.

As a part of the global efforts to reduce CO2 emission, studies are in progress to derive regulation measures for CO2 emission from heavy-duty vehicles. Thus, identification of emission characteristics of CO2 for heavy-duty vehicle is required and test driving cycle for this would be necessary. Before developing a test driving cycle to identify the emission characteristics of CO2, selection of test subject vehicles and actual road test was carried out. Through this, road drive characteristics per diverse vehicle type and emission levels of CO2 were identified. Correlations between the currently used cycles of each country and the actual road were analyzed and the cycle most similar to the actual road situations was selected among various countries' cycles to verify whether its easy use was possible for the actual tests. The test driving cycle selected after comparison with actual road situations was modified so as to enable actual tests for all heavy-duty vehicles.

Improved Lean NOx Trap (LNT) catalysts with enhanced NH3 generation feature were developed for the small diesel engine. The next generation LNT system needs to perform good NOx conversions over the wide temperature range including below 200°C for urban driving and above 400°C for motorway of real road driving. However, the extended use of BaO, a component of LNT known to be very effective for high temperature NOx storage, results in the decrease of low temperature NOx conversion due to the degradation of NO oxidation associating with sulfur over time. The improvement of the low-temperature LNT performance is a key requirement for the real driving emission control as the best operation temperature for urea-SCR is above ~250°C. In this study, our next generation LNT with new washcoat architecture has demonstrated improved NOx removal efficiencies under the wider operation temperature window than the current production technology.

The integration of SCR catalyst into diesel-particulate filter (SDPF) may be one of most viable ways to meet upcoming stringent emission regulations with new test protocols such as Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) requirements. The chabazite-structured SSZ-13-based catalysts enabled the wide implementation of urea-SCR technology for mobile applications due to their robust thermal stability up to 750°C compared to the thermally unstable ZSM-5-based technologies. However, the thermally stable Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst starts losing its initial activity with the increase of aging time at 850°C, where the SCR catalyst on SDPF can possibly be exposed during filter regeneration under a drop-to-idle (DTI) condition. Therefore, more durable SCR catalysts that survive under higher temperatures have been strongly desired in automotive industry. Recently, we found Cu-exchanged high silica LTA revealed an excellent hydrothermal stability.

The author's new approach, diesel and gasoline dual fuel powered combustion system based on diesel CI triggered ignition control, provides not only how key ideas extracted from LTC concept could be established in a small bore HSDI turbocharged diesel engine but also which mechanism works to bring almost same benefits as we have experienced in both conventional diesel combustion and LTC based advanced combustion systems like HCCI, PCCI and PPCI combustions. The combustion system presented in the paper physically combines both mixing controlled diesel compression ignition combustion and gasoline premixed charge combustion in one power generation cycle. Gasoline fuel in the system is provided by the conventional gasoline PFI system firstly into the cylinder in which premixed charge spreads out. In compression stroke, the exact amount of diesel fuel is injected into the highly diluted EGR ambient with premixed gasoline charge.

For (benchmark) tests it is not only useful to study the acoustic performance of the whole vehicle, but also to assess separate components such as the engine. Reflections inside the engine bay bias the acoustic radiation estimated with sound pressure based solutions. Consequently, most current methods require dismounting the engine from the car and installing it in an anechoic room to measure the sound emitted. However, this process is laborious and hard to perform. In this paper, two particle velocity based methods are proposed to characterize the sound radiated from an engine while it is still installed in the car. Particle velocity sensors are much less affected by reflections than sound pressure microphones when the measurements are performed near a radiating surface due to the particle velocity's vector nature, intrinsic dependency upon surface displacement and directivity of the sensor. Therefore, the engine does not have to be disassembled, which saves time and money.

Recent advanced technologies in diesel engine FIE(Fuel Injection Equipment) allow high pressure and multiple injection to be used to reduce particulate emissions without significant penalty in NOx emission. It is also well known that diesel engine particulate matter(PM) and NOx emissions can be reduced by the exact injection rate control according to engine conditions. This study was conducted based on such engine conditions as engine speed, load, swirl ratio and solenoid pulse timing and duration. The fast solenoid valve was installed between the connecting part of nozzle and fuel line. The ball valve driven by solenoid is open after the controller generates pulse and it spills the high pressure fuel in the high pressure nozzle chamber. Fuel line pressure, injection rate, cylinder pressure and exhaust emissions were measured with the variation of control method(pulse timing and pulse duration period).

For gasoline engine, thermal efficiency can be improved by using lean burn. However, combustion instability occurs when gasoline engine is operated on lean condition. Hydrogen has features that can be used for improving combustion stability of gasoline engine. In this paper, an experimental study of hydrogen effect on lean limit was carried out using a four-cylinder 2.0L turbo gasoline direct injection engine. The engine torque was fixed at 110Nm on 1600RPM, 2000RPM and 2400RPM. The results showed that lean limit was extended and brake thermal efficiency was improved by hydrogen addition. Especially, at lower engine speed, the large improvement of lean limit was achieved. However, improvement of brake thermal efficiency was achieved at high speed. HC and CO2 emissions were decreased and NO emissions increased with hydrogen addition. CO emissions were slightly reduced with hydrogen addition.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of injection parameters on the combustion and emission characteristics in a compression ignition engine fuelled with neat waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. A single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with common-rail system was used in this research. The test was performed over two engine loads at an engine speed of 800 r/min. Injection timing was varied from −25 to 0 crank angle degree (CAD) after top dead center (aTDC) at two different injection pressures (80 and 160 MPa). Based on in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate was calculated to analyze the combustion characteristics. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke were measured to examine the emission characteristics. The results showed that the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) of WCO biodiesel was higher than that of diesel. The ISFC was increased as the injection timing was advanced and injection pressure was increased.