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This paper describes the combustion optimizations of heavy-duty diesel engines for the anticipated future emissions regulations by means of an electronically controlled common rail injection system. Tests were conducted on a turbocharged and aftercooled (TCA) prototype heavy-duty diesel engine. To improve both NOx-fuel consumption and NOx-PM trade-offs, fuel injection characteristics including injection timing, injection pressure, pilot injection quantity, and injection interval on emissions and engine performances were explored. Then intake swirl ratio and combustion chamber geometry were modified to optimize air-fuel mixing and to emphasize the pilot injection effects. Finally, for further NOx reductions, the potentials of the combined use of EGR and pilot injection were experimentally examined. The results showed that the NOx-fuel consumption trade-off is improved by an optimum swirl ratio and combustion chamber geometry as well as by a new pilot concept.

A new combustion system for a light duty D. I. diesel engine was developed and introduced (1)*. The combustion chamber, which was used in the combustion system, has 4 concaves on the periphery of the inner wall and was calld HMMS-III. This combustion chamber realized better fuel consumption and lower smoke level over a wide speed range. However, the effects of HMMS-III combustion chamber on in-cylinder air motion and combustion characteristics were not yet clarified in the previous paper. In this study, in order to clarify the effects of HMMS-III combustion chamber on in-cylinder air motion and characteristics, analysis of flow direction and streak line via oil film method was carried out in comparison with flat dish and re-entrant type combustion chambers. Further, measurement of in-cylinder air motion by L.D.V. and observation of mixture formation and burning process via high speed schlieren photography were carried out.