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Battery electric vehicles (BEV) share the ability of regenerative braking since they are equipped with two independent types of deceleration devices, namely the electric motor working as a generator and the friction brakes. Correct interaction of these systems in terms of driving safety and energy efficiency is a function of the Brake Blending Control. Individual electric motors for each wheel and a decoupled brake system provides the Brake Blending with a high design flexibility that allows significant advantages regarding energy consumption, brake performance, and driving comfort. This paper is focusing on the fail behaviour and analyses the robustness and redundancy abilities of such systems against various error scenarios. For this purposes, a distributed x-in-the-loop environment, consisting of dedicated simulation and hardware testing components, is introduced.

The measurement of brake dust particles is a complex challenge owing to its open system configuration; indeed, the emitted particles are directly spread into the environment. Measurements on the inertia brake dyno feature controllable and reproducible environmental and operational parameters. Although Real Driving Emission (RDE) measurements enable the detection of brake dust particles emitted in real driving conditions (i.e. traffic condition, driving style, air humidity, vehicle components’ wear and ageing, etc.), they are complex and not reproducible due to external, continuously changing parameters (e.g., flow conditions, changing traffic conditions, particulate matter from other sources). The motivation lies in developing a real driving emission sampling system for brake particle emissions, which meets the quality requirements of the measurements, as well as the prevention of particle losses and contamination, thereby supplementing and reviewing laboratory-based procedures.