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Since 1994, the NASA Ames Research Center has hosted an annual space settlement design contest for 6-12th grade students. Thousands of students and hundreds of teachers from around the world have involved themselves in space settlement, including environmental and life support systems, some devoting months of intense effort. Prize winners now find themselves at Harvard, Stanford, MIT and other top universities, and at least one flew a zero-gravity experiment for the European Space Agency (ESA). Contestants work at home and send their entries to NASA Ames each March. Extensive reference materials are supplied on the web. All entries are judged on a single day by a panel of NASA and contractor scientists and engineers. In 2007, the Ames center director, Pete Worden, was a judge. Many categories are created to generate a large number of winners and every attempt is made to reward entries that show serious effort with some sort of prize. All winners are invited to visit NASA Ames in June.

Direct osmotic concentration (DOC) has been identified as a potential wastewater treatment process for potable reuse in advanced life support systems (ALSS). As a result, further development of the DOC process is being supported by a NASA Rapid Technology Development Team (RTDT) program. DOC is an integrated membrane system combining three unique membrane separation processes including forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), and reverse osmosis (RO) that is designed to treat separate wastewater streams comprising hygiene wastewater, humidity condensate, and urine. An aqueous phase catalytic oxidation (APCO) process is incorporated as post treatment for the product water. In an ongoing effort to improve the DOC process and make it fully autonomous, further development of the three membrane technologies is being pursued.

Direct osmotic concentration (DOC) has been identified as a potential technology for recycling of wastewater to drinking water in advanced life support (ALS) systems. As a result the DOC process has been selected for a NASA Rapid Technology Development Team (RTDT) effort. The current project focuses on advancing the development of this technology to a level appropriate for human rated testing. A new prototype of a DOC system is been designed and fabricated that addresses the deficiencies encountered during the testing of the original system and able to achieve a long-term and reliable operation. Background information is provided about the technologies investigated and their capabilities, results from preliminary tests, and the milestones plan and activities for the RTDT program intended to develop a second generation prototype of the DOC system.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) requirements need to be defined prior to determining what technologies should be developed by the Advanced Life Support (ALS) Project. Since future waste streams will be highly mission-dependent, missions need to be defined prior to developing SWM requirements. The SWM Working Group has used the mission architectures outlined in the System Integration, Modeling and Analysis (SIMA) Element Reference Missions Document (RMD) as a starting point in the requirement development process. The missions examined include the International Space Station (ISS), a Mars Dual Lander mission, and a Mars Base. The SWM Element has also identified common SWM functionalities needed for future missions. These functionalities include: acceptance, transport, processing, storage, monitoring and control, and disposal. Requirements in each of these six areas are currently being developed for the selected missions.

The future of manned space exploration will be determined through a process which balances the innate need of humanity to explore its surroundings and the costs associated with accomplishing these goals. For NASA this balance is derived from economics and budgetary constraints that hold it accountable for the expenditure of public funds. These budgetary realities demand a reduction in cost and expenditures of exploration and research activities. For missions venturing out to the edge of habitability, the development of cost effective life support approaches will have a significant influence on mission viability. Over the past several years a variety of mission scenarios for Lunar and Mars missions have been developed. The most promising of these attempt to provide basic mission requirements at a minimum cost. As a result these missions are extremely power limited.