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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state welding process in which its heats metal to the below recrystallization temperature due to frictional force. FSW mostly avoids welding defects like hot cracking and porosity which are mainly occur in conventional welding techniques. In this process the combination of frictional force and the mechanical work provide heating the base metal to get defect free weld joints. Aluminium Alloys 2014 and 6061 are generally used in a wide range of automobile applications like Engine valves and tie rod, shipbuilding, and aerospace due to their high corrosion resistance, lightweight, and good mechanical properties. In the present work, aluminium alloys of AA6061 and AA2014 were effectively welded by friction stir welding technique. The tool rotational speed, travel speed, and tool profile are the important parameters in FSW process. High Speed Steel (HSS) tool with Hexagonal profile is used for this joining.

In India, agriculture is a vital part of the country’s economy and almost everything depends on it. It takes a lot of time and effort for the farmer to remove the leftover root vegetables and crops in soil. Even after manually removing these crops, they can’t fully recover the leftover thing. This process takes more time and is challenging for the farmer. Due to human error, around 20-30% of the crops and root crops are left out in the field. Unfortunately, poor farmers can’t afford the necessary equipment to remove these crops. Generally, Root crops are cultivated by root crop harvester through diggers present under the chassis in the middle which are seen randomly by operators and cultivated or else through cameras which are highly cost and not affordable by all the farmers, hard to maintain and not technically strong by the farmers to operate the cameras.

An oil spill refers to the accidental or deliberate release of petroleum or other petroleum-based products into the environment. These spills can occur on land or in water bodies, such as oceans, rivers, or lakes, and can have devastating impacts on the environment, wildlife, and human health. Oil spills can harm aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by contaminating water and soil, and by affecting the food chain. They can also cause economic losses, such as the loss of fisheries, tourism, and property values. Cleaning up oil spills can be a difficult and expensive process, and the effectiveness of the response can depend on various factors, such as the type and amount of oil spilled, weather conditions, and proximity to sensitive ecosystems. Preventing oil spills is critical to minimizing their impacts.

In this work, Flash butt welding process was completely studied and the parameters for improvement of productivity were established with the help of flash butt welding machine. This work tries to confirm that an exploratory type of research is mostly preferred and analysis has to be done to achieve the end output. Quality affirmation and cost of value are the two significant variables that influence the efficiency of flash butt welding. To accomplish excellent quality and less cost of value different components that impact the welded joint and procedure are considered and comprehended. As commitment towards this point, an examination was done in the flash butt welding system. One of the fundamental goal of this investigation was to build up the imperfection free parameters. This was done initially by studying the different defects that occur in flash butt welded joints.

The surface properties have a vital role in the overall performance of the parts like brake shoe pad and other frame system. The mechanical and residual stress measurements of aluminium alloy 5083 were investigated on friction stir processed plates using the reinforcements of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) separately as well as combination of these powders. A comparative study was made to analyze the effects of reinforcements, tool type (cylindrical and threaded), parameters and the volume fraction of the reinforcements. The mechanical properties such as surface hardness and residual stress of the friction stir processed specimens were investigated. The experimental results shows that there was a significant increase in surface hardness (118 HRC) as well as a decrease in residual stress compare to the base metal. This study also reveals that the threaded tool with a reinforcement of Cr2O3 and TiO2 reflected better mechanical properties than the cylindrical tool.