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Non-combustible particles, commonly summarized as ash, influence the lifetime performance of wall flow filters. This study aims to investigate this influence by means of simulation. An existing transient 1D+1D wall flow filter model is extended by dedicated transport balances for soot and ash (1), by a discrete cake model describing changing soot and ash compositions over the cake height (2), by a phenomenological cake filtration model (3), by dedicated cake property models (4) and by a phenomenological model capturing the radial mobility of solids within the cake (5). Results of three different types of simulations are shown. First, the various sub-models are assessed in isolated simulation configurations. The combination of these shall serve as theoretical model validation. Second, isolated loading and passive regeneration simulations are performed.

The present work introduces a real-time capable crank-angle resolved engine model to test control strategies offline and online on Hardware-in-the-Loop environments. In order to follow a consistent modeling tool chain, the real-time model is derived from a detailed 1D cycle simulation and gas exchange model. Identical model parameters, applied in both approaches for the major engine components, cylinder and turbo-charger, help avoid time consuming re-parameterization and validation of isolated models used in different phases of the engine development process. Appropriate numerical schemes are applied to associate accuracy requirements with computational time constraints. The real-time model is validated by comparing cylinder traces with results gained from the 1D model for a turbo-charged diesel engine. The transient responses of both models are compared during vehicle driving conditions.