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J I Case Company has produced four-wheel-drive agricultural tractors since 1964. In 1984 however, the flagship of the Case fleet changed hands. Rising labor costs and larger farming operations spearheaded the need for a more efficient larger tractor. January 1984 marked the introduction of the largest four-wheel-drive tractor in the history of Case, the 4994, a 400-gross engine horsepower tractor, Figure 1. Sheer horsepower alone however, would not meet the requirements of today's farming operations. Case Engineering realized that tomorrows tractors must have sufficient power to handle the wide variety of attachments available. They also realized that along with the unmatched power must come precise control of the attachment. These advancements in farming have required improvements to the tractor hydraulic system. This paper describes the hydraulic system of the 4994, Case's new flagship.

This paper focus on some of the fatigue methodologies based on the frequency domain and how they can be used on the heavy vehicle industry. A calculation flow was developed which consist of two steps. At first the stresses on the desired frequency bandwidth are calculated using a finite element software and those are then used as inputs on a Matlab script that estimate the expected life using two different theories, Bendat’s narrow band and Dirlik. The proposed methodology is then compared with more established time domain calculations. At first a plain hand calculation with a simpler input is performed on both domains before evaluating the differences with a more complex random stress signal input. Finally, test data from a rig test is used to validate the frequency domain fatigue methods using real life data.

“Today, wearing parts are regularly subjected to abnormal loading conditions. They must be able to accept these conditions without failure. In continuous operations, unscheduled downtime greatly increases maintenance costs, not to mention the cost of lost production. White iron castings offer premium abrasion resistance for many of these applications, but are often not used due to the possibility of brittle failure and the difficulty of mechanical attachment. This paper discusses the properties and applications of a composite of martensitic white iron and mild steel. This laminate will accept medium to high impact without loss of service failure, and can be installed by mechanical means or with welded attachment.”

Research in any field of study requires analysis and comparisons or real-time predictions to extract useful information. To prove that the results have practical potential, various filtering techniques and methodologies should be designed and implemented. Filters being a class of signal processing helps innovate new technologies with various kinds of outcomes, using filters there are always various methods to solve a problem. Considering the current COVID-19 situation, researchers are working on sequencing the novel coronavirus and the genomes of people afflicted with COVID-19 using CPUs and GPUs along with various filtering techniques. In this paper we are using a method of filter implementation to collect raw heart rate data samples from fingertip and ear lobe and process those results on CPUs and GPUs. Our method of implementation to collect raw heart rate data is using a photoplethysmography method.

The internal combustion engines emit combustion gases which contain nano and micrometric particles that are harmful to human health, causing deleterious damages to the human's respiratory system. In Brazil, heavy vehicles, such as buses and trucks, have diesel engines that work under high loads and run through metropolitan areas or in intense traffic flow roads. They are considered, nowadays, the main solid particles emitter in several World's areas. There are already standard systems to analyze these particles quantitative and qualitatively at high prices collected from vehicle gases emissions in places such as bus stops. This paper presents a new method which retains solid micrometric particulate matter emitted by diesel engine. It is simple and has a relatively low cost. A sheet of textile element was encapsulated in a system for gripping micrometric particles emitted by diesel single-cylinder engine operating in a bench and coupled with a electrical generator.

The objective of this paper is to delineate the importance of pictures, i.e., graphical models, in documenting and communicating the high level functionality of a complex system, primarily for embedded software requirements and specifications. An overview is given of various graphical techniques and methodologies for modeling complex systems. The aspects (advantages and disadvantages) relating to different categories of modeling are outlined. Discussion of complex systems extends beyond the functional/software aspects of product design to both process and project modeling. The author shares personal observations and experiences with modeling, and tools used.

By coupling a Personal Computer to process 1/0 hardware and adding realtime multitasking software, a low cost automated data acquisition and control system can be assembled. This paper describes such a system built in a 19 inch rack on wheels which has been used for diesel engine testing. The system is readily reprogrammable to customize the function of the system to the job at hand.

For years, producers of low to medium volume products of high unit cost have been faced with the questions-“How much do we test?” and “What if we don't?” Today, manufacturers cannot compete in the market if these questions are not answered. This paper presents a methodology for answering these questions quantitatively. It applies Bayes Theorem of “apriori knowledge” to generate a probabalistic model of the new product testing task. It uses the existing knowledge and expertise within the organization and a simple matrix technique to determine the testing needs for the project at hand. This paper is intended to address the issues of durability and reliability of new products that are manufactured in relatively low volumes, such as Lift Trucks and Farm Equipment and/or products of high unit cost such as construction or off highway machinery.

Effective requirements elicitation and management is a common need in supplier-OEM relationships, and continues to play a vital role in all aspects of the product development lifecycle. While traditional methods address the business goals for requirements and provide guidance in ensuring the accuracy of the “Descriptive-Prescriptive-Explanatory” outputs for requirements gathering and documentation, engineering organizations continue to encounter challenges with respect to capturing and communicating change, accommodating the addition of relevant design details and efficient propagation to inform development. These challenges become more difficult to overcome in mechatronic systems, which combine mechanical systems with integrated software. As software development can produce an overwhelming volume of information that requires accurate tracking and proliferation, it cannot be effectively managed using traditional hardware-centric systems.

Standardized driving cycles, such as the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) in Europe or the Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) in the U.S. are an important tool to certify new vehicle models. They are used to estimate real world fuel consumption as well as real world emissions. The latter has recently become more important with the stronger focus on green driving, resulting in much stricter emission regulations, while fuel consumption still remains one of the most important aspects in terms of economy and long term costs for the vehicle owner. However these cycles do not reflect the actual behaviour of the driver or regional influences (i.e. topography). Therefore, manufacturers have developed their own usage and test cycles and are able to extract data from the vehicle to analyse the individual driving behaviour and vehicle usage. Apart from that, Naturalistic Driving Observation (NDO) is interested in understanding the driver.

This recommended practice covers the criteria for steps, ladders, walkways, platforms, grab rails (handrails), grab irons, guardrails, and entrance openings as they relate to aiding the operator and/or servicemen in performing their functions on the vehicle.

Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, or service platforms on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, maintenance or service platforms on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, or service platform on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

A new Artificial Intelligence (AI) “Expert System” software technology has been developed which shows real promise as the core platform of the Decision Support System for Truck Repair. The “Expert system” consists of a Model Based reasoning mechanism, and a Rule Based shell along with an on-line documentation and graphics capability. This technology combines the development speed and accuracy of Model Based technology, the precision of Rule Based expert systems along with the ease-of-use associated with a “Hypertext” information system.

Low crew productivity and extension of service intervals past design limits are the two major reasons so many heavy equipment PM programs are ineffectual. ALPM, or Assembly Line Preventive Maintenance is an innovative system for equipment servicing, providing management scheduling tools and the necessary controls. The system has a successful track record in a number of severe applications.

This SAE Standard includes complete general and dimensional specifications for those types of pipe, filler, and drain plugs (shown in Figures 1 to 6 and Tables 1 to 4) commonly used in automotive and related industrial applications.

This standard includes complete general and dimensional specifications for those types of pipe, filler, and drain plugs (shown in Figs. 1-6 and Tables 2-4) commonly used in automotive and related industrial applications.

This SAE Standard includes complete general and dimensional specifications for those types of pipe, filler, and drain plugs (shown in Figures 1 to 6 and Tables 1 to 4) commonly used in automotive and related industrial applications.

Determining pre-impact acceleration and braking performance values is an important aspect of reconstructing collisions. Collision analysts may have to rely upon performance testing of an exemplar vehicle for reliable data to use in traffic collision reconstruction cases. These performance characteristics are well documented for many vehicle classes, but are limited when discussing urban transit style buses. The constant stop and go urban driving conditions in which they operate constantly challenge the vehicle components. Because of the heavy weights and operating conditions, auxiliary braking systems are often installed to prolong the life of the service brakes. A series of idle acceleration, maximum acceleration, and maximum braking tests were conducted using urban transit style buses that are currently in-service in a large metropolitan area. The initial braking target speed for these braking tests was 64 kph (40 mph).