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An investigation into the fuel economy of a U.S. Army M813 5-ton truck with an “adiabatic” (uncooled) 14 liter (855 in3) diesel engine was made with three different driving schedules. The results were used to verify a newly written vehicle simulation. This simulation was used to compare the fuel economy of an uncooled turbocharged engine, a water cooled turbocharged engine, and a water cooled naturally aspirated engine in the same vehicle. Results indicate that, depending on the duty cycle a 16% to 37% improvement in fuel economy (depending on the duty cycle) can be achieved with an uncooled engine in this vehicle.