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It has been recently shown that (Ce, Zr)O2 mixed oxides provide improved catalytic performances compared to pure CeO2. Cerium oxide is the active Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC) component in three way catalysts. However, higher performances, including OSC enhancement, can be achieved with thermally stable solid solutions of Ce and Zr oxides. In the present paper, we describe the structure and the advantages of Ce rich (Ce, Zr)O2 solid solutions and the improved catalytic properties of these materials when used in association with platinum. Various analytical techniques were used including thermo-reduction methods, OSC measurements, surface area measurements, XRD, HRTEM, XPS, and XANES/EXAFS.

In this work a detailed model to simulate the transient behavior of catalytic converters is presented. The model is able to predict the unsteady and reacting flows in the exhaust ducts, by solving the system of conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and transport of reacting chemical species. The en-gine and the intake system have not been included in the simulation, imposing the measured values of mass flow, gas temperature and chemical composition as a boundary condition at the inlet of the exhaust system. A detailed analysis of the diffusion stage triggering is proposed along with simplifications of the physics, finalized to the reduction of the calculation time. Submodels for water condensation and its following evaporation on the monolith surface have been taken into account as well as oxygen storage promoted by ceria oxides.

This paper describes new 2 stroke fuel injected spark ignition outboard motor equipped with unique oxygen sensor feed back control system to assure constantly optimized air/fuel ratio. First, the general concept and the engineering target of commercial model are explained, and then the design and arrangement of oxygen sensor feedback fuel injection control system are described. Common automotive oxygen sensor is utilized in this system, and it is devised to overcome the problems inherent in 2-stroke engines. This paper also describes the controlled combustion system that enhances consistent and stable performance, and improves fuel efficiency. Applying these technologies, 40% less fuel consumption in cruise range was demonstrated by the comparative test with conventional fuel injected 2-stroke model.

This paper discusses five different methods for measuring the gas stream temperature from a burner using a hydrocarbon fuel, air, and oxygen. Tests were made with a single shielded BeO probe, a bare wire iridium -- 60% rhodium/iridium couple, a tantalum triple shielded platinum -- 10% rhodium/platinum thermocouple, the sodium line reversed technique, and a watercooled total enthalpy probe. The most serviceable system proved to be the bare wire iridium -- 60% rhodium/iridium couple, particularly for carrying out stream surveys where relative, rather than true temperatures, are of primary concern. More study is needed to establish a system for determining the true stream temperature.

Titanium alloy for forging and pure titanium material for exhaust systems have been developed. The forging alloy will be applied to production of lightweight motorcycle frames and the pure titanium will be applied to improve engine performance. The materials have been made inexpensive by the use of off-grade sponge that includes many impurities for production of titanium ingot. Stable characteristics have been obtained by controlling oxygen equivalent after setting the volume of tolerable impurities by considering mechanical properties and production engineering. In spite of low-cost, the material provides the same design strength compared to conventional material, and enables parts production with existing equipment. A review of manufacturing and surface treatment processes indicated a reduction in the price of titanium parts produced with this new material.

Airline tenants at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW Airport) use deicing/anti-icing chemicals, as may be needed, to maintain wintertime operations. DFW Airport has implemented best management practices for pollution prevention measures relating to deicing/anti-icing activities. However, as the planes leave the deicing pads, deicing/anti-icing fluids can drip from the planes onto the runways, taxiways, and ramp areas. As planes take off, the fluids can also shear off onto Airport property. During winter storm events, these deicing/anti-icing fluids are flushed off the runways, etc., with the stormwater. Stormwater containing deicing/anti-icing fluids can discharge through outfalls into Trigg Lake located in the southwestern part of the DFW Airport property.

Abstract This article discusses a multi-item planning and scheduling problem in a job-shop system with consideration of energy consumption. Planning is considered by a set of periods, each one is characterized by a demand, energy, and length. Scheduling is determined by the sequences of jobs on available resources. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem is formulated to integrate planning and scheduling, it is considered as an NP-difficult problem. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is then developed to solve the MILP, and then a hybridized approach of simulated annealing with genetic algorithm (HGASA) is presented to optimize the results. Finally, numerical results are presented and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

This paper describes the procedures and decisions behind a detailed trade-off and comparative evaluation of possible processes for in-situ oxygen production from lunar regolith. After analysis of some thirty-one parameters for twenty candidate processes, the technique of vapour pyrolysis was selected as the preferred process concept on which to base a pilot lunar oxygen production plant. A brief description is given of the design of the lunar regolith pyrolyser, which is the core of the production plant.

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) samples were heat treated to produce materials with tensile strengths in the range of 100 ksi to 170 ksi. Microalloyed steels were also produced with equivalent tensile and yield strength levels. These steels were evaluated for mechanical properties in terms of tensile and yield strength, ductility, impact toughness, fracture toughness and fatigue strength. Machinability was extensively evaluated through tests of drilling, turning and plunge machining. This paper reports on this comprehensive comparative evaluation of these two important classes of materials for use in the automotive industry.

In automotive body manufacturing the dies for blanking/trimming/piercing are under most severe loading condition involving high contact stress at high impact loading and large number of cycles. With continuous increase in sheet metal strength, the trim die service life becomes a great concern for industries. In this study, competing trim die manufacturing routes were compared, including die raw materials produced by hot-working (wrought) vs. casting, edge-welding (as repaired condition) vs. bulk base metals (representing new tools), and the heat treatment method by induction hardening vs. furnace through-heating. CaldieTM, a Uddeholm trademarked grade was used as trim die material. The mechanical tests are performed using a WSU developed trimming simulator, with fatigue loading applied at cubic die specimen’s cutting edges through a tungsten carbide rod to accelerate the trim edge damage. The tests are periodically interrupted at specified cycles for measurement of die edge damage.

Two different aluminium alloy materials have been used to produce ventilated brake discs, on one hand, AS17G0.6 hypereutectic alloy and on the other hand, AS7G0.6 reinforced with 20% in wt. of SiC particles. The casting production technique used has been Low Pressure Casting (LPC) and some of the brake discs have been heat treated using a T6 treatment. Once the ventilated brake discs were produced and machined, they were tested in a dynamometer in order to compare the performance under service conditions of the aluminum alloy and grey cast iron (GCI) discs currently used in the market.

CO/H2 (ratios i.e. water gas shift equilibria) in exhaust gases produced from the combustion of pure isooctane, methanol, and methane in a pulse flame combustor were measured. Measured CO/H2 ratios were directionally consistent with C/H ratios of the respective fuels. The average CO/H2 ratios in combusted isooctane, methanol, and methane were found to be 3.8, 1.25, and 2.0, respectively. The effect of these differences on feedback A/F control with a HEGO (heated exhaust gas oxygen) sensor were also examined. Feedback control of isooctane combustion produced operation very near to stoichiometry. On the other hand, the combustion of methanol under feedback control resulted in steady state lean operation while feedback control of methane combustion produced rich operation. For all three fuels, operation shifted in the lean direction as combustion efficiency was degraded.

Three different models, the law-of-the-wall, a modified law-of-the-wall, and an approximate one-dimensional solution to the energy equation are compared for the spatially-resolved prediction of engine heat tranfer. The multidimensional hydrodynamic code KIVA is used for the fluid mechanic simulation. Two different engine geometries are studied; one being a pancake-shaped chamber, and the other a bowl-in-piston geometry. The comparisons are done for a range of initial conditions of gas flow. Rates-of-pressure-rise were also varied to represent rates typical of those encountered in motored engines, and those found in fired engines. Comparisons with experimental results show that the heat transfer predictions using the law-of-the-wall may be in error when source terms such as the transient, work and chemical energy terms have a significant effect in determining the temperature profile in the boundary layer.

This work is based in a model of neural and wavelets networks using published experimental data. The objective is to compare a neural and a wavelet network estimating the creep rupture strength based on chemical composition of Fe-2.25Cr-Mo and Fe-(9-12)Cr steels, and on its heat treatment temperature and life time. It will be determined the configuration that provides the best fit of the data.

The autoignition chemistries of the olefins 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 1-hexene and their corresponding paraffins were examined in a motored, single-cylinder engine by measuring stable intermediate species and performing heat-release analyses. The same engine conditions were used for each olefin-paraffin pair, and compression ratio was varied to affect different levels of chemical activity. Paraffin autoignition chemistry is dominated by hydrogen abstraction from the fuel, followed by the intramolecular alkylperoxy isomerization mechanism. Olefin autoignition chemistry differs markedly being controlled by radical addition to the double bond. Hydroxyl radical addition is followed by oxygen addition to the adjacent radical site, followed by scission forming two carbonyls. Hydroperoxyl radical addition yields an epoxy directly. Experimental measurements for each olefin-paraffin pair are compared with each other and with literature values.

Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) has been used for several years by the aircraft industry in transonic wind tunnel testing where the oxygen concentrations are low and the luminescence of the paint is easily recorded. Extending PSP to slower speeds where the oxygen concentrations are closer to atmospheric conditions is much more challenging. For the past few years, work has been underway at both Wright Patterson Air Force Base and Ford Motor Company to advance PSP techniques for testing at slower speeds. The CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) provided a way for comparisons to be made of the different PSP systems that were being investigated. This paper will report on PSP tests conducted as part of the CRADA.

Cooperation between Russia and the United States on manned spaceflight has led to unprecedented openness, resulting in the ability to now compare the characteristics of environmental control/life support hardware selected to generate oxygen (O2) by water electrolysis for space station applications. This comparison in this paper focuses on the characteristics that have the greatest effect on the cost of assembling and maintaining the hardware in space: launch weight, volume, power consumption, resupply requirements and maintenance labor.

Atomized iron powder was screened to narrow fractions and annealed. Intermetallic Fe3P powder was blended with the fractions to provide an alloy containing 0.45% phosphorus after sintering. Cores were pressed to a density of 7.4 g/cm3 and sintered at temperatures ranging from 1600°F (870°C) to 2600°F (1430°C) in hydrogen. Magnetic properties were determined from the sintered cores and compared with previous properties measured for iron and hot repressed 0.45% phosphorus iron. It was found that the induction at any density level was approximately 500 gausses (0.05 teslas) lower than for iron. Remanent magnetization was influenced by the size of the pores. If pores were large, remanent magnetization was 8 K gausses (0.8 teslas) and increased to 12 K gausses (1.2 teslas) as the pores become finer. Both maximum permeability and the coercive force were improved when 0.45% phosphorus was added.

The thermo-oxidative stability of various commercial graphite fibers was determined at 316°C (600°F) for over 4000 hours. In addition, to understand how graphite fiber surface properties affect thermo-oxidative stability of high temperature polymer composites containing these fibers, the surfaces were analyzed by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The fiber systems studied were Celion 6000, G40-700, T-40R, IM6, AS4 and T-300R. The thermo-oxidative stability of T-40R and G40-700 was found to be superior to Celion 6000, T-300R and AS4. This improved stability of T-40R and G40-700 was found to be related to the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen concentrations. These fiber surfaces contained higher carbon contents and much lower concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen than the other fibers.

As space flights tend to be more prolonged problems of oxygen generation by physicochemical means assume greater importance. The paper deals with the water, electrolysis process, CO2 concentration and processing organisation schemes. Some operational results of the system for electrolysis of aqueous alkali solution and CO2 removal on Mir space station are presented. Expected characteristics of the complex system for oxygen generation from carbon dioxide are considered.