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Technical Paper

A Critical Review of Spark Ignited Diesel Combustion

1988-09-01
881317
This paper reviews previous work on spark assisted diesel engines and then goes on to discuss the results of investigations carried out at U.W. Results are given for two Army referee fuels and compared to D2 fuel results. The data concentrates on starting and low load running of Type I fuel which is a broadcut fuel with a cetane number of 20. Results are given for both two stroke and four stroke open chamber engines modified for spark ignition. The best results were obtained by directing one fuel spray at a raised central portion of the piston and spark igniting the resulting fuel cloud at a position 12 mm from the head and near the cylinder axis.
Technical Paper

A Study of Diesel Cold Starting using both Cycle Analysis and Multidimensional Calculations

1991-02-01
910180
The physical in-cylinder processes and ignition during cold starting have been studied using computational models, with particular attention to the influences of blowby, heat transfer during the compression stroke, spray development, vaporization and fuel/air mixture formation and ignition. Two different modeling approaches were used. A thermodynamic zero dimensional cycle analysis program in which the fuel injection effects were not modeled, was used to determine overall and gas exchange effects. The three-dimensional KIVA-II code was used to determine details of the closed cycle events, with modified atomization, blowby and spray/wall impingement models, and a simplified model for ignition. The calculations were used to obtain an understanding of the cold starting process and to identify practical methods for improving cold starting of direct injection diesel engines.
Technical Paper

A Study of the Effects of High EGR, High Equivalence Ratio, and Mixing Time on Emissions Levels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for PCCI Combustion

2006-04-03
2006-01-0026
Experiments were performed on a single-cylinder heavy-duty Caterpillar SCOTE 3401E engine at high speed (1737 rev/min) and loads up to 60% of full load for fully Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion. The engine was equipped with a high pressure (150 MPa) Caterpillar 300B HEUI fuel injection system. The engine was run with EGR levels up to 75% and with equivalence ratios up to 0.95. These experiments resulted in compliance of NOx and PM emissions to 2010 emissions mandates levels up to the tested load. The set of experiments also demonstrated the importance of cylinder charge preparation by way of optimized start-of-combustion timing for sufficient in-cylinder mixing. It was found that increased EGR rates, even with the correspondingly increased equivalence ratios, increase mixing time and substantially decrease PM emissions.
Journal Article

A Transport Equation Residual Model Incorporating Refined G-Equation and Detailed Chemical Kinetics Combustion Models

2008-10-06
2008-01-2391
A transport equation residual model incorporating refined G-equation and detailed chemical kinetics combustion models has been developed and implemented in the ERC KIVA-3V release2 code for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine simulations for better predictions of flame propagation. In the transport equation residual model a fictitious species concept is introduced to account for the residual gases in the cylinder, which have a great effect on the laminar flame speed. The residual gases include CO2, H2O and N2 remaining from the previous engine cycle or introduced using EGR. This pseudo species is described by a transport equation. The transport equation residual model differentiates between CO2 and H2O from the previous engine cycle or EGR and that which is from the combustion products of the current engine cycle.
Technical Paper

An Experimental Study of Dual Fueling with Gasoline Port Injection in a Single-Cylinder, Air-Cooled HSDI Diesel Generator

2010-04-12
2010-01-0869
An experimental study was conducted on an air cooled high-speed, direct-injection diesel generator that investigated the use of gasoline in a dual fuel PCCI strategy. The single-speed generator used in the study has an effective compression ratio of 17 and runs at 3600 rev/min. Varying amounts of gasoline were introduced into the combustion chamber through a port injection system. The generator uses an all-mechanical diesel fuel injection system that has a fixed injection timing. The experiments explored variable intake temperatures and fuel split quantities to investigate different combustion phasing regimes. Results from the study showed low combustion efficiency at low load. Low load operation was also characterized by high levels of HC and CO (in excess of 20 g/kwh and 50 g/kwh respectively). Operation at 75% load was more efficient, and displayed three different combustion regimes that are possible with PIG (port injected gasoline) dual fuel PCCI.
Technical Paper

An Experimental Study of Swirl and EGR Effects on Diesel Combustion by Use of the Dumping Method

1982-02-01
820359
Experimental histories of major species total concentrations in the cylinder were obtained for a single cylinder TACOM-LABECO diesel engine by using a dumping technique to quench the cylinder gas rapidly at various selected crank angles during the combustion and expansion process. Performance data using both an eight-hole and four-hole nozzle were taken for a range of swirl ratios, exhaust gas recirculation percentages and injection timings at medium load and 1000 RPM. Seven dumping histories were obtained all at 1000 RPM and 0.5 equivalence ratio for selected combinations of two injection timings (15 and 25), two EGR values (0 and 10%), two swirl ratios (2.5 and 4), and two nozzle tips (4 and 8 hole). These histories show cylinder-averaged values of NOx, CO and H2 as a function of crankangle.
Technical Paper

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Injector Behavior for HSDI Diesel Engines

2003-03-03
2003-01-0705
An experimental and numerical characterization has been conducted for high-pressure hydraulically actuated fuel injection systems. One single and one double-guided multi-hole Valve-Covered-Orifice (VCO) type injector was used with a Common Rail (CR) injection system, and two mini-sac injectors for Hydraulic electronic Unit Injection system (HEUI) were used with different orifice diameters. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of the injection system and the operating conditions on the engine emissions for a direct injection small bore diesel engine. The diesel spray was injected into a pressurized chamber with optical access at ambient temperature. The gas density inside the chamber was representative of the density in a High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engine at the time of injection. The experimental spray parameters included: injection pressure, injection duration, nozzle type, and nozzle diameter.
Journal Article

An Optical Investigation of Ignition Processes in Fuel Reactivity Controlled PCCI Combustion

2010-04-12
2010-01-0345
The ignition process of fuel reactivity controlled PCCI combustion was investigated using engine experiments and detailed CFD modeling. The experiments were performed using a modified all metal heavy-duty, compression-ignition engine. The engine was fueled using commercially available gasoline (PON 91.6) and ULSD diesel delivered through separate port and direct injection systems, respectively. Experiments were conducted at a steady state-engine load of 4.5 bar IMEP and speed of 1300 rev/min. In-cylinder optical measurements focused on understanding the fuel decomposition and fuel reactivity stratification provided through the charge preparation. The measurement technique utilized point location optical access through a modified cylinder head with two access points in the firedeck. Optical measurements of natural thermal emission were performed with an FTIR operating in the 2-4.5 μm spectral region.
Technical Paper

An optimized, data-driven reaction mechanism for Dual-Fuel combustion of Ammonia and Diesel Primary Reference Fuels

2023-09-29
2023-32-0101
The possibility to operate current diesel engines in dual-fuel mode with the addition of an alternative fuel is fundamental to accelerate the energy transition to achieve carbon neutrality. The simulation of the dual- fuel combustion process with 0D/1D combustion models is fundamental for the performance prediction, but still particularly challenging, due to chemical interactions of the mixture. The authors defined a novel data-driven workflow for the development of combustion reaction mechanisms and used it to generate a dual-fuel mechanism for Ammonia and Diesel Primary Reference Fuels (DPRF) suitable for efficient combustion simulations in heavy duty engines, with variable cetane number Diesel fuels. A baseline reaction mechanism was created by merging the detailed ammonia mechanism by Glarborg et al. with reaction pathways for n- hexadecane and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane from a well-established multi-component fuel mechanism.
Technical Paper

Analysis and In-Cylinder Measurement of Particulate Radiant Emissions and Temperature in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

1988-09-01
881315
In-cylinder flame temperature and particulate concentration were measured in a Cummins single cylinder NH diesel engine by means of an optical radiation probe using the two-color theory. The radiation probe consists of a specially designed trifurcated fiber optical bundle and a sapphire rod window. A self-cleaning window was designed, which stays clean under steady state full load conditions. The engine was operated at various conditions for both standard cooled and simulated mini-cooled configurations. The heat release rate data and exhaust emissions, NO, NOx and CO are presented along with the radiant emission data. Increasing the coolant temperature gave slightly more exhaust soot production as well as in-cylinder soot production, because more late burning occurred at the higher coolant temperature. It is believed that increased late burning was caused by the delayed end of injection and lower injection rate perhaps due to thermal expansion effects in the injector.
Technical Paper

Application of Schlieren Optical Techniques for the Measurement of Gas Temperature and Turbulent Diffusivity in a Diesel Engine

1993-03-01
930869
A new technique which is based on optoacoustic phenomena has been developed for measuring in-cylinder gas temperature and turbulent diffusivity. In the experiments, a high energy Nd:YAG pulsed laser beam was focused to cause local ionization of air at a point in the combustion chamber. This initiates a shock wave and creates a hot spot. The local temperature and turbulent diffusivity are determined by monitoring the shock propagation and the hot spot growth, respectively, with a schlieren photography system. In order to assess the validity and accuracy of the measurements, the technique was also applied to a turbulent jet. The temperature measurements were found to be accurate to within 3%. Results from the turbulent jet measurements also showed that the growth rate of the hot spot diameter can be used to estimate the turbulent diffusivity. In-cylinder gas temperature measurements were made in a motored single cylinder Caterpillar diesel engine, modified for optical access.
Journal Article

Applying Advanced CFD Analysis Tools to Study Differences between Start-of-Main and Start-of-Post Injection Flow, Temperature and Chemistry Fields Due to Combustion of Main-Injected Fuel

2015-09-06
2015-24-2436
This paper is part of a larger body of experimental and computational work devoted to studying the role of close-coupled post injections on soot reduction in a heavy-duty optical engine. It is a continuation of an earlier computational paper. The goals of the current work are to develop new CFD analysis tools and methods and apply them to gain a more in depth understanding of the different in-cylinder environments into which fuel from main- and post-injections are injected and to study how the in-cylinder flow, thermal and chemical fields are transformed between start of injection timings. The engine represented in this computational study is a single-cylinder, direct-injection, heavy-duty, low-swirl engine with optical components. It is based on the Cummins N14, has a cylindrical shaped piston bowl and an eight-hole injector that are both centered on the cylinder axis. The fuel used was n-heptane and the engine operating condition was light load at 1200 RPM.
Technical Paper

Assessment of Wall Heat Transfer Models for Premixed-Charge Engine Combustion Computations

1991-02-01
910267
Two-dimensional computations of premixed-charge engine combustion were made using the KIVA-II code. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of heat transfer and turbulence model boundary conditions on engine combustion predictions. Combustion was modeled using a laminar- and turbulent-characteristic-time model. Flow through the piston-cylinder-ring crevice was accounted for using a phenomenological crevice-flow model. The predictions were compared to existing cylinder pressure and wall heat transfer experimental data under motoring and fired conditions, at two engine speeds. Two different wall heat transfer model formulations were considered. The first is the standard wall function method. The second is based on solutions to the one-dimensional unsteady energy equation, formulated such that the standard wall function method is recovered in the quasi-steady limit. Turbulence was modeled using the standard k-ε turbulence model equations.
Technical Paper

CFD Study of HCPC Turbocharged Engine

2010-10-25
2010-01-2107
Homogeneous-charge, compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion is triggered by spontaneous ignition in dilute homogeneous mixtures. The combustion rate must be reduced by suitable solutions such as high rates of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and/or lean mixtures. HCCI is considered a very effective way to reduce engine pollutant emissions, however only a few HCCI engines have entered into production. HCCI combustion currently cannot be extended to the whole engine operating range, especially to high loads, since the use of EGR displaces air from the cylinder, limiting engine mean effective pressure, thus the engine must be able to operate also in conventional mode. This paper concerns an innovative concept to control HCCI combustion in diesel-fuelled engines. This new combustion concept is called Homogenous Charge Progressive Combustion (HCPC). HCPC is based on split-cycle principle.
Journal Article

Characterization of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Using Premixed Gasoline and Direct-Injected Gasoline with a Cetane Improver on a Multi-Cylinder Engine

2015-04-14
2015-01-0855
The focus of the present study was to characterize Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) using a single-fuel approach of gasoline and gasoline mixed with a commercially available cetane improver on a multi-cylinder engine. RCCI was achieved by port-injecting a certification grade 96 research octane gasoline and direct-injecting the same gasoline mixed with various levels of a cetane improver, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN). The EHN volume percentages investigated in the direct-injected fuel were 10, 5, and 2.5%. The combustion phasing controllability and emissions of the different fueling combinations were characterized at 2300 rpm and 4.2 bar brake mean effective pressure over a variety of parametric investigations including direct injection timing, premixed gasoline percentage, and intake temperature. Comparisons were made to gasoline/diesel RCCI operation on the same engine platform at nominally the same operating condition.
Technical Paper

Comparison of Variable Valve Actuation, Cylinder Deactivation and Injection Strategies for Low-Load RCCI Operation of a Light Duty Engine

2015-04-14
2015-01-0843
While Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) strategies such as Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) exhibit high thermal efficiency and produce low NOx and soot emissions, low load operation is still a significant challenge due to high unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which occur as a result of poor combustion efficiencies at these operating points. Furthermore, the exhaust gas temperatures are insufficient to light-off the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), thereby resulting in poor UHC and CO conversion efficiencies by the aftertreatment system. To achieve exhaust gas temperature values sufficient for DOC light-off, combustion can be appropriately phased by changing the ratio of gasoline to diesel in the cylinder, or by burning additional fuel injected during the expansion stroke through post-injection.
Technical Paper

Comparison of the Characteristic Time (CTC), Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF), and Direct Integration with Detailed Chemistry Combustion Models against Optical Diagnostic Data for Multi-Mode Combustion in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine

2006-04-03
2006-01-0055
Three different approaches for modeling diesel engine combustion are compared against cylinder pressure, NOx emissions, high-speed soot luminosity imaging, and 2-color thermometry data from a heavy-duty DI diesel engine. A characteristic time combustion (KIVA-CTC) model, a representative interactive flamelet (KIVA-RIF) model, and direct integration using detailed chemistry (KIVA-CHEMKIN) were integrated into the same version of the KIVA-3v computer code. In this way, the computer code provides a common platform for comparing various combustion models. Five different engine operating strategies that are representative of several different combustion regimes were explored in the experiments and model simulations. Two of the strategies produce high-temperature combustion with different ignition delays, while the other three use dilution to achieve low-temperature combustion (LTC), with early, late, or multiple injections.
Technical Paper

Computation of Premixed-Charge Combustion in Pancake and Pent-Roof Engines

1989-02-01
890670
Multidimensional computations were made of spark-ignited premixed-charge combustion in a pancake-combustion-chamber engine with a centrally located spark plug and in two pent-roof-chamber engines, one with a central spark plug and the other with dual lateral spark plugs. A global combustion submodel was used that accounts for laminar kinetics and turbulent mixing effects. The predictions were compared with available measurements in the pancake-chamber engine over a range of loads, speeds, and equivalence ratios. In all cases the computed and measured cylinder pressures agreed well in trends and magnitudes (within 8%) for the entire duration of combustion. Fair agreements were also obtained between predicted and measured values of wall heat flux and emission index of nitric oxide. In the pent-roof-chamber engines the predicted maximum cylinder pressures also agreed well with measurements (within 12%) in cases with MBT (Minimum spark advance for Best Torque) or advanced spark timing.
Technical Paper

Computations of a Two-Stroke Engine Cylinder and Port Scavenging Flows

1991-02-01
910672
A modification of the computational fluid dynamics code KIVA-II is presented that allows computations to be made in complex engine geometries. An example application is given in which three versions of KIVA-II are run simultaneously. Each version considers a separate block of the computational domain, and the blocks exchange boundary condition information with each other at their common interfaces. The use of separate blocks permits the connectedness of the overall computational domain to change with time. The scavenging flow in the cylinder, transfer pipes (ports), and exhaust pipe of a ported two-stroke engine with a moving piston was modeled in this way. Results are presented for three engine designs that differ only in the angle of their boost ports. The calculated flow fields and the resulting fuel distributions are shown to be markedly different with the different geometries.
Technical Paper

Cyclic Variations and Average Burning Rates in a S. I. Engine

1970-02-01
700064
A method of calculating mass burning rates for a single cylinder spark-ignition combustion engine based on experimentally obtained pressure-time diagrams was used to analyze the effects of fuel-air ratio, engine speed, spark timing, load, and cyclic cylinder pressure variations on mass burning rates and engine output. A study of the effects on mass burning rates by cyclic pressure changes showed the low pressure cycles were initially slow burning cycles. Although large cyclic cylinder pressure variations existed in the data the cyclic variations in imep were relatively small.
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