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This technical paper collection focuses on the general topic of combustion engine gaseous emissions (regulated and non-regulated). This includes well-to-wheels CO2 production for alternative technologies, fuel economy and all greenhouse gas emission research. It also includes hydrocarbon species and specific NOx species production over aftertreatment devices as a result of changes in fuel specification and the inclusion of bio-derived components and consideration of secondary emissions production (slip) as a result of aftertreatment.

By almost any definition, technology has penetrated the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet significantly in conjunction with the increased stringency of fuel economy and GHG emissions regulations. The physical presence of advanced technology components provides one indication of the efforts taken to reduce emissions, but that alone does not provide a complete measure of the benefits of a particular technology application.

When considered along with Phase 2 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) requirements, the proposed Air Resource Board (ARB) nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission limit of 0.02 g/bhp-hr will be very challenging to achieve as the trade-off between fuel consumption and NOx emissions is not favorable. ...Each of these engine models met the 2027 Phase 2 GHG emission standards but used a different combination of technologies, including downsizing, downspeeding, variable compression ratio (VCR), cylinder deactivation, and turbocompounding. ...The results show that with appropriate selection of engine and aftertreatment technology packages, the 2027 Phase 2 GHG emission standards and the proposed 2024 ultra-low NOx emission standards can be achieved simultaneously.

Under U.S. GHG and CAFE regulations, manufacturers are required to perform confirmatory testing to validate indirect air conditioning credits (refer to 40 CFR 86.1868-12). ...This SAE Recommended Practice describes the work done by the IMAC GHG CRP to develop test procedures, publish SAE Standards, and determine performance requirements to demonstrate the performance of A/C technologies from the pre-approved credit menu meeting regulatory requirements.

A simplified LCA model of a car, where the main body material is a parameter and only the GHG impact is calculated, has been built in order to investigate broad assumptions on material production and recycling. ...The only unequivocal conclusion is that recycling should be systematically fostered to reduce the GHG impact.

The most life cycle energy and GHG reductions occur with aluminum, but the energy and GHG reduction per unit mass removed is greater for A/HSS. ...As lightweight materials and advanced combustion engines are being used in both conventional and electrified vehicles with diverse fuels, it is necessary to evaluate the individual and combined impact of these technologies to reduce energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This work uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the total energy and GHG emissions for baseline and lightweight internal combustion vehicles (ICVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) when they are operated with baseline and advanced gasoline and ethanol engines. ...For the scenarios considered in this work, the least life cycle energy and GHGs are obtained with a lightweight PHEV with an aluminum BIW and advanced gasoline engine. Overall, results show that advanced gasoline and ethanol engines and lightweight materials provide complimentary benefits for conventional and electrified vehicles and will reduce life cycle energy and GHG emissions while playing a key role in meeting future CAFE standards.

Nitrous oxide (N2O), with a global warming potential (GWP) of 297 and an average atmospheric residence time of over 100 years, is an important greenhouse gas (GHG). In recognition of this, N2O emissions from on-highway medium- and heavy-duty diesel engines were recently regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) GHG Emission Standards. ...In recognition of this, N2O emissions from on-highway medium- and heavy-duty diesel engines were recently regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) GHG Emission Standards. Unlike NO and NO2, collectively referred to as NOx, N2O is not a major byproduct of diesel combustion. ...Engine-based results show that N2O emissions for this nonroad engine and aftertreatment system are below the current 0.1 g/bhp·hr on-highway GHG standard. To better understand the processes which contribute to the system-level N2O emissions seen during engine testing, reactor-based experiments were conducted to elucidate the fundamental component-level mechanisms responsible for N2O formation.

This study investigates the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a set of vehicles using two real-world gliders (vehicles without powertrains or batteries); a steel-intensive 2013 Ford Fusion glider and a multi material lightweight vehicle (MMLV) glider that utilizes significantly more aluminum and carbon fiber. ...Our results show that the MMLV glider can reduce life cycle GHG emissions despite its use of lightweight materials, which can be carbon intensive to produce, because the glider enables a decrease in fuel (production and use) cycle emissions. ...However, the fuel savings, and thus life cycle GHG emission reductions, differ substantially depending on powertrain type. Compared to ICVs, the high efficiency of HEVs decreases the potential fuel savings.

The trend towards renewable energy sources will continue under the pre-amble of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The main question is how to harvest and store renewable energy properly. ...The usage of e-Fuels in the existing ICE-powered vehicle fleet has a big lever arm to reduce the GHG emissions of the transport sector in the short- and medium term. The paper covers the whole well-to-wheel (WtW) pathway by discussing the e-Fuel production from renewable sources, the storage and the usage in the vehicle.

With regards to the HVAC systems, enhancements such as ultra-low permeation hose assemblies and adoption of low GWP refrigerant have shown promising results in reducing the direct GHG emissions by controlling refrigerant permeation & indirect GHG emissions by using compact and high efficiency compressors, compact heat exchangers, and other technologies that contribute to weight reduction and ultimately impact CO2 emissions. ...Automotive OEMs are adapting various “green” technologies to meet the upcoming and anticipated regulations for reducing direct and indirect GHG emissions equivalent to CO2. Using compact devices and lightweight components on the aggregates, OEMs get the benefit of carbon credits towards their contribution in reducing CO2 emissions.

The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. ...The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key emissions developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Emissions challenges include lean NOx remediation for diesel and lean-burn gasoline to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

Steel is lean in energy and GHG emissions during the construction-phase. High-strength steels make it fairly easy to reduce vehicle weight, which has a strong influence on the use phase impacts, and the indefinite recyclability of steel also influences the end-of-life.

In this regard, Brazil has agreed in reducing GHG by 50% until 2030. Flexfuel technology was introduced in the Brazilian market decreasing fuel conversion efficiency due to the use of an intermediary compression ratio value, lower in comparison with the best value for engines exclusively fueled with ethanol and higher for gasoline. ...Many European countries have been pointing to the electrification of the light vehicle as a solution to mitigate GHG, which is neither best nor a feasible solution for the future of Brazilian mobility. Brazil has an average of 5000 Wh/m2 of solar irradiation per day having 66.3 million hectares of cultivated land (only 7.8% of the national territory), therefore a much higher biomass production capacity compared to Europe.

The US finalized LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Marked improvements in engine efficiency are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are just starting to demonstrate 50% brake thermal efficiency. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

The importance of in-design “pairing” of low-viscosity motor oils with the ring pack and the cylinder bore characteristics in order to achieve maximum reduction in GHG emissions and improvement in fuel economy without sacrificing the endurance is elucidated. Earlier motored friction data for two different gasoline engines - Ford Duratec and Mercedes Benz M133 - using motor oils of different viscosity grades are now rationalized using AVL EXCITE® piston/bore tribology simulations.

Furthermore, since the aluminum oxidation is completely GHG free and the alumina produced by the reaction can be recycled back to aluminum, the process has a sustainable environmental management.

With forthcoming 2014 EPA GHG legislation capping methane emissions at 0.10 g/bhp-hr for heavy-duty engines, development of a thermally stable and sulfur-tolerant methane oxidation catalyst becomes more critical.

A large increase in GHG emissions has led to a substantial increase in EV adoption. Due to its complexity, predicting the states of LIB remains to be a roadblock for mass adoption.

The formation of these salts can reduce the availability of NH3 for NOx conversion, block active catalyst sites, and result in the formation of N2O, a regulated Greenhouse Gas (GHG). In this study, we investigate the effect of hydrothermal aging on the formation and decomposition of ammonium nitrate on a state-of-the-art Cu/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.

Mobile Vehicle Air Conditioning (MVAC) systems are a substantial source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The use of high-GWP R-134a in MVAC systems contributes a lot to the inflated climate footprint of the segment.