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This document supplements ARP85, to extend its use in the design of ECS for supersonic transports. The ECS provides an environment controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment.

Variable Cycle Engines being studied for advanced commercial supersonic transports show potential for significant environmental and economic improvements relative to 1st generation SST engines. ...Unique fuel control techniques are combined with cycle characteristics that provide low fuel consumption, similar to a turbojet engine, for supersonic operation. This is accomplished while retaining the good subsonic performance features of a turbofan engine. ...In total, these unique engine concepts have the potential for significant overall improvements to the environmental and economic characteristics of advanced supersonic transports.

SOME of the aerodynamic and mechanical problems of jet engines designed for supersonic flight speeds are discussed in this paper. The aerodynamic problems considered include the required range of operation of the compressor, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, the inlet-engine airflow match, and jet nozzle design.

The Navy is currently in the second phase of a program to develop a supersonic turbojet engine for tactical missile applications. The engines have been designed for a single mission only and for lowest possible cost.

Variable cycle engines (VCEs) hold promise as an enabling technology for supersonic business jet (SBJ) applications. Fuel consumption can potentially be minimized by modulating the engine cycle between the subsonic and supersonic phases of flight. ...Fuel consumption can potentially be minimized by modulating the engine cycle between the subsonic and supersonic phases of flight. The additional flexibility may also contribute toward meeting takeoff and landing noise and emissions requirements.

Community noise characteristics of present subsonic jet aircraft have resulted in stringent acoustical objectives for the supersonic transport. Achievement of the 108 PNdB take-off objective has constituted a significant portion of the total design effort on the SST.

Fuel represents about 50% of gross take-off weight and accounts for over 50% of direct operating costs in the supersonic transport. The higher fuel consumption of supersonic jet engines means that the SST consumes more fuel to move the same traffic over a given route than the subsonic jet. ...The high Mach number supersonic bomber and its commercial transport version represent a challenge not only to designers but to fuel suppliers. ...Opinions differ on the relative importance of speed, structure and power plant but most designers are agreed that, compared to today's jet aircraft, the supersonic jet is far more fuel dependent in terms of both quality and cost. Fuel represents about 50% of gross take-off weight and accounts for over 50% of direct operating costs in the supersonic transport.

The design of the power control and fuel systems for the augmented turbojet engine selected to power the United States supersonic transport combines proved designs with technical innovation to strike a design balance meeting all the requirements for commercial airline service. ...Application of the integrated three-variable power control principles long in production for supersonic military service will ensure a successful transition from the simpler, single-variable power controls operating at subsonic conditions in today's airlines.

Thus, history, plus a sharply increasing travel market, have provided statistics that define general requirements for development and growth needs of the powerplants for supersonic transports. General Electric’s GE4 turbojet engine for the United States SST is examined, from a conceptual design and development program standpoint, against today’s airlines requirements.

Operation of a U.S. developed supersonic transport must and will meet community noise standards. This paper examines the airport noise problems of large transport aircraft, highlights critical considerations, and then studies possible solutions available from advanced propulsion technology.

Of the four missions, air-superiority and interception require operation at supersonic speeds and the possible use of thrust augmentation. Interdiction may also require high speed, but not necessarily supersonic speeds, and close air support requires only subsonic flight speeds. ...Interdiction may also require high speed, but not necessarily supersonic speeds, and close air support requires only subsonic flight speeds. The most widely used engine currently being used for the air-superiority, interception and interdiction missions is the low bypass ratio, high fan pressure ratio turbofan engine with an afterburner. ...A non-afterburning supersonic cruise requirement is part of air-superiority to arrive quickly on station, but the actual combat most likely occurs at medium to high subsonic Mach numbers with short periods of afterburner thrust during aerial combat.

This paper presents an overview of two long-range supersonic cruise missile prototypes and the preliminary design of the Missile Control System (MCS).

Recent market studies indicate a renewed interest for a quiet Supersonic Business Jet (SBJ). The success of such a program will be strongly dependent upon the achievement of stringent engine noise, emissions and fuel consumption goals. ...An SBJ airframe baseline model is used in conjunction with the engine performance data and executed through a synthesis and sizing code to simulate a supersonic mission. This paper focuses on the tradeoffs associated with noise, emissions and specific fuel consumption of the supersonic engine by employing design parameters such as overall pressure ratio, fan pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and throttle ratio. ...This paper focuses on the tradeoffs associated with noise, emissions and specific fuel consumption of the supersonic engine by employing design parameters such as overall pressure ratio, fan pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and throttle ratio.

This document supplements ARP85, to extend its use in the design of ECS for supersonic transports. The ECS provides an environment controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment.

GE Aviation engineers have completed the initial design of the first supersonic engine purpose-built for business jets. GE’s Affinity turbofan engine class integrates proven military supersonic experience, commercial reliability, and advanced business jet engine technologies. ...GE’s Affinity turbofan engine class integrates proven military supersonic experience, commercial reliability, and advanced business jet engine technologies.

The X-59 utilizes a long and slender airframe to achieve supersonic speeds without causing a high decibel sonic boom. The unconventional design precludes the use of a forward-looking window or viewport.

The AS2 industry team – comprising Aerion in Reno, Nevada; Lockheed Martin in Bethesda, Maryland; GE Aviation in Evendale, Ohio; and Honeywell in Morris Plains, New Jersey – has finished the conceptual design phase and launched the preliminary design phase, slated to conclude in June 2020, of the Aerion A2 supersonic business jet.

NASA officials and engineers are prepping to fly the agency’s F/A-18 research aircraft over Galveston, Texas, using a “quiet thump” technique designed to reduce loud sonic booms typically associated with supersonic flight. This week’s test flight sets off a series of quiet supersonic research flights off the coast of Texas to test ways to measure supersonic aircraft sound levels and the community’s response to the supersonic acoustic experience. ...This week’s test flight sets off a series of quiet supersonic research flights off the coast of Texas to test ways to measure supersonic aircraft sound levels and the community’s response to the supersonic acoustic experience.

Experience from this program, together with knowledge gained from today’s commercial jet engine aircraft components, can be used for design and development guidance for the air inlet control for the Supersonic Transport (SST). Air inlet control experience on a supersonic military aircraft is reviewed and applicable commerical jet engine component maintainability data are presented.

The development of ramjet engines has experienced a significant increase in response to the growing demand for supersonic speed capabilities in contemporary propulsion systems and missile weaponry. Their efficient operation at supersonic speeds has garnered increased attention. ...Their efficient operation at supersonic speeds has garnered increased attention. The study focuses on designing a diffuser and ram cone for decelerating supersonic flow in the combustion chamber. ...The study focuses on designing a diffuser and ram cone for decelerating supersonic flow in the combustion chamber. Performance tests for hydrogen and ethanol fuels are conducted at Mach values of 3.5, 3, and 2.5.