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In recent years, the burgeoning applications of hydrogen fuel cells have ignited a growing trend in their integration within the transportation sector, with a particular focus on their potential use in multi-rotor drones. The heightened mass-based energy density of fuel cells positions them as promising alternatives to current lithium battery-powered drones, especially as the demand for extended flight durations increases. This article undertakes a comprehensive exploration, comparing the performance of lithium batteries against air-cooled fuel cells, specifically within the context of multi-rotor drones with a 3.5kW power requirement. The study reveals that, for the specified power demand, air-cooled fuel cells outperform lithium batteries, establishing them as a more efficient solution.
Ultra-Downsizing (UD) was introduced as an even higher level of downsizing for Internal Combustion Engines ICEs, see [2] SAE 2015-01-1252. The introduction of Ultra Downsizing (UD) aims to enhance the power, efficiency, and sustainability of ICEs while maintaining the thermal and mechanical strain within acceptable limits. The following approaches are utilized: 1 True Atkinson Cycles are implemented utilizing an asymmetrical crank mechanism called Variable Compression and Stroke Ratios (VCSR). This mechanism allows for extended expansion stroke and continuous adjustment of the Volumetric Compression Ratio (VCR). 2 Unrestricted two or more stage high-pressure turbocharging and intensive intercooling: This setup enables more complete filling of the cylinder and reduces the compression work on the piston, resulting in higher specific power and efficiency. 3 The new Load Control (LC) approach is based to continuous VCR adjustment.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers forced air technology including: reference material, equipment, safety, operation, and methodology. This resource document is intended to provide information and minimum safety guidelines regarding use of forced air or forced air/fluid equipment to remove frozen contaminants. During the effective period of this document, relevant sections herein should be considered and included in all/any relevant SAE documents.
In radiography testing, the radioactive elements Iridium 192 (Ir192) and Cobalt 60 (Co60) are employed to detect subsurface and inner flaws. These radioactive components are kept secure within the radiation-protected source camera. Despite the fact that the camera is safe, there is a little quantity of radiation that may harm human body cells. In this present study, it restricts radiation emission by placing a lead sheet over the source camera, which absorbs the produced radiation. The innovative concept involves in this present work is to place a manually operated switch near the radiation source to emit radiation.
The commercial aviation currently accounts for roughly 2.5 % of the global CO2 emissions and around 3.5% of world warming emissions, taking into account non CO2 effects on the climate. Its has grown faster in recent decades than the other transport modes (road, rail or shipping), with an average rate of 2.3%/year from 1990 to 2019, prior to the pandemic. Moreover, its share of Greenhouse (GHG) emissions is supposed to grow, with the increasing demand scenario of air trips worldwide. This scenario might threaten the decarbonization targets assumed by the aviation industry, in line with the world efforts to minimize the climate effects caused by the carbon emissions. In this context, hydrogen is set as a promising alternative to the traditional jet fuel, due to its zero carbon emissions.
This document is intended to satisfy the data reporting requirements of standardization regulations in the United States and Europe, and any other market that may adopt similar requirements in the future. This document specifies: a Message formats for request and response messages. b Timing requirements between request messages from external test equipment and response messages from vehicles, and between those messages and subsequent request messages. c Behavior of both the vehicle and external test equipment if data is not available. d A set of diagnostic services, with corresponding content of request and response messages. e Standardized source and target addresses for clients and vehicle. This document includes capabilities required to satisfy OBD requirements for multiple regions, model years, engine types, and vehicle types. At the time of publication many regional regulations are not yet final and are expected to change in the future.
This proposed revision of the Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP6973) will provide minor edits to the existing document, plus an alternative third method for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades that is currently being validated. Airports and their consultants will be able to use any of the three methods presented in this revised ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
The document aims to provide guidance for safe practices, effective operations and continued compliance with revelant standards and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations.