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With the development of world economy, the shortage in the supply of oil energy as well as the greenhouse effect have become a public concern around the world. The application of biodiesel on vehicle transportation has become the focus of development in many countries. Biodiesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), is made during the process of transesterification of the animal and vegetable oils. Compared with fossil diesel, biodiesel has some characteristics, such as organic acid, higher water saturation, and oxygen content. From the results of the literatures [1] to [5], it showed that biodiesel would cause the inflation of some plastic and flexible products and the corrosion of metal materials. Metal fuel tanks have the characteristics of high flammability, high impact resistance, and good workability and are often used in commercial vehicles. The corrosion of metal materials is a natural chemical change and it can be influenced by the environment.

Biodiesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), can be made from different types of animal and vegetable oils. Its characteristics are different from those of fossil diesel, such as oxygen content, higher cold filter plugging point, and so on. Compared with fossil diesel, biodiesel can be oxidized more easily. If the fuel is oxidized, there might be product to cause some problems, like blocking filters. Therefore, the information of the storage life of the fuel is very important to vehicle owners. Moreover, the storage condition of the fuels is related to the types of source materials, additives, local weather or quality control of biodiesel. This research had used D100 and B2 fuels as experiment samples. (Blending B100 made by two different companies and represented A and B.)

The development of an integrated controller for a 4WS/4WD electric bus is investigated. The front wheel steering angle is assumed to be controlled by the human driver. The vehicle is controlled by the rear wheel steering and the yaw moment that can be generated by the differential torque/brake control on each wheel. The high speed cornering is used as the testing scenario to validate the designed controller. Due to the highly nonlinear and the multiple-input and multiple-output nature, the control design is separated into different stages using the hierarchical layer control concept. The longitudinal speed is controlled using a PI controller together with a rule-based speed modification. The other two control inputs, namely the rear wheel steering and the DYC moment, are then designed using the state-dependent Riccati equation method. The designed controllers are evaluated using computer simulations first, and the simulations showed promising results.

The purposes of this study are to 1) select a suitable size of dual energy sources, 2) develop a dynamic model for a battery/supercapacitor (SC) electric bus with an integrated fast charger/bus stop station, and 3) establish control strategies among the fast charger, batteries, and the SC module. For 1), a global search method was used to locate a suitable-sized battery set and SCs under a preset cost function and basic properties. The cost ratio (CR) was calculated to maximize the energy storage capacity. For 2), 10 subsystems of the electric bus, including the driver maneuver, traction motor, the lithium battery module, the SCs, the onboard DC/DC converter, the longitudinal vehicle dynamics, accessories, and the transmission were constructed. For the fast charger/bus stop station, an AC/DC inverter was modeled. All modulized subsystems were then integrated into the vehicle/station simulator.

In recent years, many attentions have been paid on global environmental protection and energy saving; more people, therefore, have chosen bikes for commuting to work or school. For longer distance transportation and less effort, electric power assist bikes have re-entered the market. Due to regulation of some countries, electric bikes that must be pedaled were developed. These machines utilize the pedals as the dominant form of propulsion, with the motor used only to give extra assistance when needed for hills or long journeys. The ratio of electric power to human power may affect the riding feel. As a result, a torque sensor, which detects the pedaling force, is crucial in this application. This paper proposes a new design of torque sensor by way of twist angle measurement. It is composed of a torsion bar, input and output shaft with ring magnets and Hall sensors to achieve contactless sensing.

Autonomous driving systems, enabled by artificial intelligence and sensing technologies, empower vehicles to navigate autonomously. However, during rainy weather, raindrops may interfere with the vehicle's sensors, leading to inaccuracies in object detection and recognition, which can compromise the safety of autonomous driving. To address these challenges, the magnetic guided autonomous driving system emerges as a promising solution due to its potential to mitigate the impact of rainy weather on autonomous vehicles. Currently, magnetic guided autonomous vehicles rely on continuous or short-distance magnetic tracks for directional control, limiting their practical applicability. To overcome this limitation, we propose an improved technology that not only addresses issues of poor maneuverability but also preserves the inherent advantages of magnetic guided autonomous driving.