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The causes of injuries suffered by drivers in “small-overlap frontal crashes” (SOFC) were examined. These crashes were defined as ones in which vehicles are loaded outside their longitudinal side members. SOFC accident data sets stored in the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database were investigated. Percentages of cases sustaining injury to each body region of drivers were calculated, and the differences between the percentages of injury by body region were examined. To investigate the injury mechanisms, SOFC tests with two types of rigid barrier were then conducted. Injury values in each body region were analyzed to validate the reproducibility of SOFC test as a relevant test.

This paper describes a functionality and test results of moving object detection based on vision system. Moving object detection is realized by just adding image processing software to the vision system with no additional sensor. Moreover, by usage of around view monitor system as vision system, existence of moving objects surrounding the subject vehicle can be informed to support the driver in the parking maneuver.

The requirements of suspension systems have become increasingly complex in recent years due to the expansion of global markets and diversification of the conditions under which vehicles are used in different parts of the world. It is also becoming increasingly important to ensure that vehicles offer the secure handling stability which are expected by drivers, but can also provide an adequate level of ride comfort when driving on a wide diversity of road surfaces in all parts of the world. From an environmental viewpoint, it is also essential to achieve weight reductions for better fuel economy. To meet these wide-ranging requirements, we have developed a new multi-link rear suspension that has a simple link configuration and a lower link that features a connecting bushing mechanism developed by Nissan.

Pedestrian crashes are the most frequent cause of traffic-related fatalities worldwide. The high number of pedestrian accidents justifies more active research work on passive and active safety technology intended to mitigate pedestrian injuries. Post-impact pedestrian kinematics is complex and depends on various factors such as impact speed, height of the pedestrian, front-end profile of the striking vehicle and pedestrian posture, among others. The aim of this study is to investigate the main factors that determine post-crash pedestrian kinematics. The injury mechanism is also discussed. A detailed study of NASS-PCDS (National Automotive Sampling System - Pedestrian Crash Data Study, US, 1994-1998), showed that the vehicle-pedestrian interaction in frontal crashes can be categorized into four types: “Thrown forward”, “Wrapped position”, “Slid to windshield” and “Passed over vehicle”.

The goal of this study was to develop injury probability functions for the leg bending moment and MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) elongation of the Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor (Flex-PLI) based on human response data available from the literature. Data for the leg bending moment at fracture in dynamic 3-point bending were geometrically scaled to an average male using the standard lengths obtained from the anthropometric study, based on which the dimensions of the Flex-PLI were determined. Both male and female data were included since there was no statistically significant difference in bone material property. Since the data included both right censored and uncensored data, the Weibull Survival Model was used to develop a human leg fracture probability function.

The ride values of passenger cars are investigated for Korean subjects based on the vibration of the human bodies. When three subjects are excited by driving a vehicle on road, their responses of acceleration are measured at 12 points on their bodies according to Griffin's 12 axis system (3 translational axes on a seat surface, 3 rotational axes on a seat surface, 3 translational axes at the seat back and the 3 translational axes at the feet). Since one of the most important parameters for ride comfort is the level and duration of the root mean square acceleration experienced, the ride values, such as the seat effective amplitude transmissibility, the component ride value, and the overall ride value based on acceleration root mean square are evaluated for different four vehicles using frequency weighing functions and axis multiplying factors. The ride indices are also studied considering to the seat dynamic characteristics with subjects.

The demand for highly flexible manipulation of plant growth generations, modification of specific plant processes, and genetically engineered crop varieties in a controlled environment has led to the development of a Commercial Plant Biotechnology Facility (CPBF). The CPBF is a quad-middeck locker playload to be mounted in the EXPRESS Rack that will be installed in the International Space Station (ISS). The CPBF integrates proven ASTROCULTURE” technologies, state-of-the-art control software, and fault tolerance and recovery technologies together to increase overall system efficiency, reliability, robustness, flexibility, and user friendliness. The CPBF provides a large plant growing volume for the support of commercial plant biotechnology studies and/or applications for long time plant research in a reduced gravity environment.

The ride values of seven cars(six passenger car and one RV car) are evaluated for 4 subjects based on the vibration of the bodies. And the seat qualities are investigated with the SEAT(seat effective amplitude transmissibility) value. The evaluated values are arranged as DB in html files. Since one of the most important parameters for ride comfort is the level and duration of the root mean square acceleration experienced, the acceleration responses of subjects are measured at 8 points on their bodies(3 Translational axes on the seat surface, 3 translational axes at the feet and 2 axes(x,z) at the backrest) when the subjects are excited by driving a vehicle on the road. The ride values such as the overall ride value, the component ride values and the seat effective amplitude transmissibility based on acceleration root mean square are evaluated for different seven vehicles using frequency weighting functions and axis multiplying factors.

This paper describes a method to separate structure-borne noise, which comes from the shock absorber, from the measured vehicle interior sound pressure. The transfer path analysis (TPA) was used. Shock absorber was considered as an input source while the sound pressure at the driver seat as its output. It was found that the sound pressure at the driver seat position and accelerations at the shock absorber mounting points are strongly correlated. Using one-third octave band analysis, the contribution of shock absorber structure-borne noise to the driver seat sound pressure was analyzed. Also the relationship between the measured acceleration and sound pressure was studied.

Using a low-speed high-torque (LSHT) pump/motor to provide the speed range and torque for a hydrostatic automobile offers a number of advantages over using a high-speed low-torque pump/motor, combined with a gear reducer. However, there appear to be no LSHT units commercially available that have true variable displacement capability. Because of this void, a variable displacement pump/motor has been designed and built that could provide a direct drive for each wheel of a hydrostatic automobile. The unit uses some components such as the cylinder block, piston and modified rotating case from a commercially available radial piston pump/motor. Initial preliminary testing of the pump/motor indicates that it has good efficiency and performance characteristics, and, with further development should be very attractive for automotive use. This paper focuses on the design and kinematics of the device.

Conventional steering system has a mechanical connection between the driver and the front tires of the vehicle, but in steer-by-wire system, there is no such a connection. Instead, actuators, positioned in the vehicle's front corners receive input from the control module and turn the front wheels accordingly. In steer-by-wire system, steering wheel is an important part that not only transfers driver's steering input to the controller but also provides a road feedback feeling to the driver's hand. Thus the reactive torque actuator, providing road feedback, plays an important role in steer-by-wire system. In conventional steer-by-wire-system, a motor was used as a reactive torque actuator. But using motor has some disadvantages such as an oscillatory feeling, and improper and potentially dangerous acceleration of the steering wheel by the motor when driver's hands are released from steering wheel abruptly.

A system was developed which provides nutrients and water to plants while maintaining good aeration at the roots and preventing water from escaping in reduced gravity. The nutrient solution is circulated through porous tubes under negative pressure and moves through the tube wall via capillary forces into the rooting matrix, establishing a non-saturated condition in the root zone. Tests using prototypes of the porous tube water and nutrient delivery system indicate that plant productivity in this system is equivalent to standard soil and solution culture growing procedures. The system has functioned successfully in short-term microgravity during parabolic flight tests and will be flown on the space shuttle. Plants are one of the components of a bioregenerative life support system required for long duration space missions.

This study proposes an impact-triggered automatic braking system as a potential safety improvement based on the characteristics of the Multiple Impact Crashes (MICs). The system activates with a signal of airbag deployment in a collision to reduce the vehicle speed in the subsequent collisions. The effectiveness was estimated by an in-depth review of the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS). The cases were extracted on the basis of the 3-point lap and shoulder belted occupants, incurring Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale level 3 to 6 injuries (MAIS 3+), in the crashes occurred from 2004 to 2006, without vehicle rollover or occupant ejection, where the involved vehicles were 2000 and newer model year cars and light trucks.

The pole side impact test has been mandatory in Euro NCAP since 2009 and it includes, in addition to the head, assessments on other critical body regions that might be affected such as the chest, abdomen and pelvis. This paper describes a new test method for predicting Anthropomorphic Test Device responses to calculate injury index in side impact tests of a rigid pole under Euro NCAP conditions. Simplified sled tests are very effective in reducing the cost and time of development of more advanced side impact safety devices. To accomplish sled tests successfully, it is necessary to reconstruct accurately the combined dynamic deformation behavior of door and seat in pole impact. That behavior varies among different dummy response regions. Conventional sled test methods, published in previous literature, can reconstruct the deformation of the entire door using a single actuator at constant intrusion velocity but actual door velocity isn't constant in full scale vehicle crash tests.

An analysis of drivers' facial expressions and subsidiary behavior events (e.g., yawning, self-touching hand motions, etc.) revealed a significant correlation between the struggle against sleepiness and the frequency of occurrence of such events. We counted drivers' subsidiary behavior events by video analysis and defined nine categories of events related to the mouth, hands, head, shoulders, body and eyes. Mouth-related events were further categorized as yawning, stifling a yawn, exhaling and deep breathing. Yawning and self-touching hand motions in particular were observed in relatively large numbers among subsidiary behavior events. Based on this observation, we created an algorithm for detecting yawning and self-touching hand motions using a monocular camera and calculated the frequency of these subsidiary behavior events. In experiments, we compared the frequency of the subsidiary behavior events at the outset of driving and after the passage of time.

Evaluation of pedestrian leg protection performance using the Flex-PLI-GTR (Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Global Technical Regulation) impactor is initiated in JNCAP in 2011. Therefore, a finite element (FE) model of Flex-PLI-GTR is needed for use in digital car development in order to satisfy pedestrian leg protection performance requirements. This paper describes the FE model of Flex-PLI-GTR that has been developed to meet this need. There are three important features of this FE model for obtaining sufficient simulation accuracy. First, the shapes of all Flex-PLI-GTR structures were modeled in detail. Shape information of the inner structures was obtained by computerized tomography scanning and shape information of the inner structures of the outer skin was obtained by laser measurement. Furthermore, the shape of the wrapped skin was incorporated into the FE model based on a wrapping simulation.

The More precise control of the multiple-injection is required in common-rail injection system of direct injection diesel engine to meet the low NOx emission and optimal PM filter system. The main parameter for obtaining the multiple-injections is the mechanism controlling the injector needle energizing and movement. In this study, a piezo-driven diesel injector, as a new method driven by piezoelectric energy, has been applied with a purpose to develop the analysis model of the piezo actuator to predict the dynamics characteristics of the hydraulic component (injector) by using the AMESim code and to evaluate the effect of this control capability on spray formation processes. Aimed at simulating the hydraulic behavior of the piezo-driven injector, the circuit model has been developed and verified by comparison with the experimental results.

The objective of this study is to develop a neuro controlled active suspension for the ride quality improvement. The performance index of the optimal control is represented as the frequency-shaped using Parseval's theorem. The incorporation of frequency-dependent weighting matrices allow one to emphasize the specific variables related to the vibrations of the specific bands of frequencies. Once the active control law is obtained, we use the artificial neural networks to train the neuro controller to learn the relation of road input and control force. From the numerical results, we found that back propagation learning does good pattern matching and the neuro controlled suspension may reduce the vertical acceleration of the driver's seat and sprung mass motions significantly at desired bands of frequencies.

The adaptation to changes in human operator dynamics and changes in working environment dynamics can be an important issue in designing high performance telerobotic systems. This paper describes an approach to force control in telerobotic hand systems in which model reference adaptive control techniques are used to adapt to changes in human operator and working environment dynamics. The techniques have been applied to force-reflective control of a single degree-of-freedom telerobotic gripper system at Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR). This adaptive gripping system is described in the paper along with results of experiments with human subjects in which the performance of the adaptive system was analysed and compared to the performance of a conventional non-adaptive system. These experiments emphasized adaptation to changes in compliance of gripped objects and adaptation to the on-set of human operator fatigue.

Five potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaf cuttings were flown on STS-73 in late October, 1995 as part of the 16-day USML-2 mission. Pre-flight studies were conducted to study tuber growth, determine carbohydrate concentrations and examine the developing starch grains within the tuber. In these tests, tubers attained a fresh weight of 1.4 g tuber-1 after 13 days. Tuber fresh mass was significantly correlated to tuber diameter. Greater than 60% of the tuber dry mass was starch and the starch grains varied in size from 2 to 40 mm in the long axis. For the flight experiment, cuttings were obtained from seven-week-old Norland potato plants, kept at 5°C for 12 hours then planted into arcillite in the ASTROCULTURE™ flight hardware. The flight package was loaded on-board the orbiter 22 hours prior to launch.