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Abstract Automotive-grade high-strength steels are galvanized for improved corrosion resistance. However, selective oxidation of alloying elements during annealing heat-treatment may influence the subsequent zinc (Zn) coating quality. The formation of internal and external oxides depends on the alloy composition, especially the Si/Mn ratio, and the oxygen potential of the annealing atmosphere. In this work, a dual-phase (DP) steel was intercritically annealed with varied fuel-to-air ratios in a direct-fired furnace and then galvanized in a Zn bath with 0.2 wt% Al. The type of internal and external oxides and the interfacial structures between the steel substrate, the Al-Fe-Zn inhibition layer, and the Zn coating were examined by using site-specific focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

The use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) in conjunction with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is now a well-established aftertreatment system design for on-road heavy duty diesel. For non-road applications, the DOC must respond to the need for performance under more diverse and less favorable conditions, such as operation at low loads in cold weather. To choose a DOC technology for such applications, one must have practical and meaningful tests that address the specific catalytic functions of interest such as hydrocarbon oxidation to produce heat for regenerating DPF. This paper describes the development of an engine test protocol that focuses on resistance to the phenomenon known as quenching, the cessation of hydrocarbon (HC) oxidation that occurs when the exhaust temperature decreases below the light-off temperature of the catalyst. During development, the sensitivity and repeatability of the test were carefully scrutinized.

During the winter special winter tires are used to prevent the car from slipping and the grip can be improved by using studded tires. Studded tires are known to cause higher noise levels and noise that is perceived as more annoying than non-studded tires. The objective was to model the interaction between the stud pattern and the stud/tire response (i.e. sound) caused by the excitation of the studs, and to make the result audible. In this study the interior airborne noise caused by the studs was auralized using a combination of recordings, modeling and filtering. The proposed stud auralization model makes it possible to evaluate the influence of the stud pattern and the stud/tire response at any desired speed. The noise caused by the studs is determined by the stud/tire responses when studs hit the pavement, the stud pattern and the speed of the tire. The stud patterns and the stud/tire responses were measured for 5 different studded tires.

Thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin environment is an important factor for passengers of both internal combustion engines and electric vehicles. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is a critical system for electric vehicles (EVs) as it is the second most power consumer after electric motor. Novel solutions dedicated to EV, including thermoelectric air conditioning (AC) modules, vapor compression refrigeration (VCR), cycle positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater as well as heat pumps (HP), are being investigated to maintain a stable and comfortable interior environment under hot and cold weather conditions. At present, the mostly dominated automotive AC systems are those using R134a refrigerant characterized by high global warming potential. Therefore, an innovative and ecofriendly AC system design still must be developed to supply sufficient cooling or heating capacity while minimizing the influence of the AC system on driving ranges and environmental performance.

The winter of 2013-2014 provided an opportunity to operate off-road vehicles in cold weather for extended time as part of a vehicle/tier 4 diesel engine validation program. An unexpected area of study was the performance of high efficiency, on engine, fuel filters during continuous vehicle operation in cold weather. During the program we observed unexpected premature fuel filter plugging as indicated by an increase in pressure drop across the filter while in service. Field and laboratory testing was completed at John Deere and Donaldson to understand the cause of filter plugging. Although conditions were found where winter fuel additives could cause plugging of high efficiency filters, premature filter plugging occurred even when testing with #1 diesel fuel. This fuel contained no additives and was used at temperatures well above its cloud point.

In order to develop various parts and components of electric vehicles, understanding the effects of their structures and thermal performance on the energy consumption and cruising distance is important. However, such essential and detailed information is generally not always available to suppliers of vehicle parts and components. This paper presents the development of a simple model of the energy consumption by an electric vehicle in order to roughly calculate the cruising performance based only on the published information to give to suppliers, who otherwise cannot obtain the necessary information. The method can calculate the cruising distance within an error of 4% compared to the published information. The effects of the glass and body heat transfer characteristics on the cruising performance in winter were considered as an example application of the proposed model.

Gas to Liquids (GTL) diesel has been produced commercially for several years. GTL diesel is known for its excellent properties, including zero aromatics, near zero sulphur and a high cetane number. Most of the GTL diesel produced by commercial plants is utilised as a blend component, especially in blends up to 20%. In these applications, the cold flow properties are potentially less critical, as the cold flow properties of the blend will mostly be determined by the petroleum-derived component. In certain markets, however, it is possible that GTL diesel can be used as a neat diesel, therefore requiring good cold flow properties. An advantage of GTL technology is that the cold flow properties of GTL diesel can be tailored to meet the climatic requirements of a specific geographical area. In the current study, GTL diesel samples with cold flow properties ranging from ‘summer type’ to ‘winter type’ and varying intermediate cold flow qualities were evaluated.

This specification covers the requirements for one (1) type of pocket photographic interpretation kit, containing viewing and measuring instruments, for use in the field.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on landing gear operation in cold temperature environments. It covers all operational aspects during ground handling, takeoff, and landing. It includes effects on tires, brakes, shock struts, seals, and actuators.

This SAE Recommended Practice was developed by SAE, and the section “Standard Classification and Specification for Service Greases” cooperatively with ASTM, and NLGI. It is intended to assist those concerned with the design of heavy duty vehicle components, and with the selection and marketing of greases for the lubrication of certain of those components on heavy duty vehicles like trucks and buses. The information contained herein will be helpful in understanding the terms related to properties, designations, and service applications of heavy duty vehicle greases.

This SAE Standard covers the physical and performance requirements for electrodeposited copper, nickel, and chromium deposits on exterior ornamentation fabricated from die cast zinc alloys (SAE J468 alloys 903 and 925), and wrought zinc strip (ASTM B 69). This type of coating is designed to provide a high degree of corrosion resistance for automotive, truck, marine, and farm usage where a bright, decorative finish is desired.

This SAE Standard covers the physical and performance requirements for electrodeposited copper, nickel, and chromium deposits on exterior ornamentation fabricated from die cast zinc alloys (SAE J468 alloys 903 and 925), and wrought zinc strip (ASTM B 69). This type of coating is designed to provide a high degree of corrosion resistance for automotive, truck, marine, and farm usage where a bright, decorative finish is desired.

This specification addresses requirements for a zinc alloy used in the production of sand cast forming dies for sheet metal stamping operations.

This specification addresses requirements for a zinc alloy used in the production of sand cast forming dies for sheet metal stamping operations.

This specification addresses requirements for a zinc alloy used in the production of sand cast forming dies for sheet metal stamping operations.

This specification addresses requirements for a zinc alloy used in the production of sand cast forming dies for sheet metal stamping operations.

This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of gold on ferrous-base materials, copper-base materials, aluminum-base materials, zinc-base materials and nickel-base materials for MOD use. It is primarily intended for use on electrical and electronic items which are to be plated with gold to: a Increase the electrical conductivity of the surface. b Provide a solderable surface.

This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of gold on ferrous-base materials, copper-base materials, aluminum-base materials, zinc-base materials and nickel-base materials for MOD use. It is primarily intended for use on electrical and electronic items which are to be plated with gold to: a Increase the electrical conductivity of the surface. b Provide a solderable surface.