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Remote diagnostic systems support diagnostic communication by having the capability of sending diagnostic request services to a vehicle and receiving diagnostic response services from a vehicle. These diagnostic services are specified in diagnostic protocols, such as SAE J1979, SAE J1939 or ISO 14229 (UDS). For the purpose of diagnostic communication, the tester needs access to the electronic control units as communication partners. Physically, the diagnostic tester gets access to the entire vehicle´s E/E system, which consists of connectors, wiring, the in-vehicle network (e.g. CAN), the electronic control units, sensors, and actuators. Any connection of external test equipment and the E/E system of a vehicle poses a security vulnerability. The combination can be used for malicious intrusion and manipulation.

A literature review was conducted to survey recent research on the effects of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles, on-road and off-road. Most of the literature has been published in SAE papers, although data have also been reported in other journals and government reports. A full report and database are available from the Coordinating Research Council (www.crcao.org). The review identified areas of agreement and disagreement in the literature and evaluated the adequacy of experimental design and analysis of results. Areas where additional research would be helpful in defining fuel effects are also identified. In many of the research programs carried out to evaluate the effect of new blendstocks, the fuel components were splash blended in fully formulated fuels. This approach makes it extremely difficult to determine the exact cause of the emissions benefit or debit.

The challenges of flex-fuel vehicle (FFV) emissions measurements have recently come to the forefront for the emissions testing community. The proliferation of ethanol blended gasoline in fractions as high as 85% has placed a new challenge in the path of accurate measures of NMHC and NMOG emissions. Test methods need modification to cope with excess amounts of water in the exhaust, assure transfer and capture of oxygenated compounds to integrated measurement systems (impinger and cartridge measurements) and provide modal emission rates of oxygenated species. Current test methods fall short of addressing these challenges. This presentation will discuss the challenges to FFV testing, modifications made to Ford Motor Company’s Vehicle Emissions Research Laboratory test cells, and demonstrate the improvements in recovery of oxygenated species from the vehicle exhaust system for both regulatory measurements and development measurements.

NVH refinement is an important aspect of the powertrain development and vehicle integration process. The depletion of fossil-based fuels and increase in price of gasoline have prompted most vehicle manufacturers to embrace propulsion technologies with varying degrees and types of hybridization. Many different hybrid vehicle systems are either on the market, or under development, even up to all-electric vehicles. Each hybrid vehicle configuration brings unique NVH challenges that result from a variety of sources. This paper begins with an introductory discussion of hybrid propulsion technologies and associated unique vehicle NVH challenges inherent in the operation of such hybrid vehicles. Following this, the paper outlines a two-dimensional landscape of typical customer vehicle maneuvers mapped against hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) operational modes.

This paper proposes a new returnless LPG fuel supply system designed to increase the efficiency of current LPG engines. With a conventional engine fuel supply system, the fuel pump is driven at a certain speed to pressurize the fuel to an excessive level, and excess fuel that is discharged from the fuel pump but not injected from the injector is returned to the fuel tank via a pressure regulator and a return line. This arrangement keeps the pressure in the fuel supply line at a constant level. Accordingly, during engine idling, fuel cut-off or other times when very little or no fuel is injected from the injector, nearly all the fuel discharged from the fuel pump is returned to the fuel tank via the pressure regulator and return line. Therefore, the energy (electric power) applied to drive the fuel pump is wastefully consumed. Moreover, returning a large amount of excess fuel to the fuel tank can raise the fuel temperature in the tank, causing the fuel to evaporate.

A dual piston Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) engine has been newly developed. This compact VCR system uses the inertia force and hydraulic pressure accompanying the reciprocating motion of the piston to raise and lower the outer piston and switches the compression ratio in two stages. For the torque characteristic enhancement and the knocking prevention when the compression ratio is being switched, it is necessary to carry out engine controls based on accurate compression ratio judgment. In order to accurately judge compression ratio switching timing, a control system employing the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was used to analyze vibration generated during the compression ratio switching. Also, in order to realize smooth torque characteristics, an ignition timing control system that separately controls each cylinder and simultaneously performs knocking control was constructed.

Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Heavy-Duty In-Use Testing (HDIUT) program, emission of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have been regulated using Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) during in-use field operation for heavy-duty on-highway diesel engines with 2007 or later model year designations. As directed by the EPA, the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), and the California Air Resources Board (CARB), additive emission measurement accuracy margins (measurement allowances) were experimentally determined for HDIUT to account for the measurement differences between laboratory testing with laboratory grade equipment and in-use testing with PEMS. As part of a three-paper series, this paper summarizes the HDIUT measurement allowance program while focusing on the laboratory evaluations of the Sensors Inc. SEMTECH-DS PEMS.

This paper describes the joint development by Tenneco and Pi Shurlok of a complete diesel engine aftertreatment system for controlling particulate matter emissions. The system consists of a DOC, DPF, sensors, controller and an exhaust fuel injection system to allow active DPF regeneration. The mechanical components were designed for flow uniformity, low backpressure and component durability. The overall package is intended as a complete PM control system solution for OEMs, which does not require any significant additions to the OEM's engine control strategies and minimizes integration complexity. Thus, to make it easier to adapt to different engine platforms, ranging from small off-road vehicle engines to large locomotive engines, model-based control algorithms were developed in preference to map-based controls.

Inferential sensing, as it relates to the equipment operator, can be viewed as human intuition [1]. The person operating the equipment can sense there is something wrong while their intuition tells them when and what needs troubleshooting and repair. Attempts have been made to implement this human intuition model to monitor a vehicle operation and detect abnormalities. In many approaches traditional sensors are added to the vehicle which increases cost, complexity, and another failure point. After years of developments and techniques, there are few highly reliable on-board systems that can duplicate the human intuition model since the specific failure cannot be directly measured but must be inferred from a variety of symptoms. This paper describes an engineering approach using Physics of Failure (PoF) for specific subsystems, developing the applicable fatigue models, and then collecting, monitoring, and manipulating the real-time on-vehicle data to complement the “operator intuition”.

The work aims at analysing the energetic performances of monolith and pellet emission control systems using unidirectional and reverse-flow design (passive and active flow control respectively). To this purpose a one-dimensional transient model has been developed and the cooling process of different system configurations has been studied. The influence of the engine operating conditions on the system performances has been analysed and the fuel saving capability of the several arrangements has been investigated. The analysis showed that the system with active reverse flow and pellet packed bed design presents higher heat retention capability. Moreover, the numerical model put in evidence the large influence of the exhaust gas temperature on the energy efficiency of the emission control systems and the significant effect of unburned hydrocarbons concentration.

Two-stage turbochargers are a recent solution to improve engine performance. The large flexibility of these systems, able to operate in different modes, can determine a reduction of the turbo-lag phenomenon and improve the engine tuning. However, the presence of two turbochargers that can be in part operated independently requires effort in terms of analysis and optimization to maximize the benefits of this technology. In addition, the design and calibration of the control system is particularly complex. The transitioning between single stage and two-stage operations poses further control issues. In this scenario a model-based approach could be a convenient and effective solution to investigate optimization, calibration and control issues, provided the developed models retain high accuracy, limited calibration effort and the ability to run in real time.

Physical based air path models lead to a substructuring of the highly complex engine systems into several interacting submodels of low order. They offer detailed process information, support advanced control system design and allow to significantly reduce the calibration effort. Hence, physical approaches are predestinated to cope with the rise in system complexity and with the increasingly challenging demands concerning air system performance. Whereas the basic model equations are known a general methodology to obtain the model parameters is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the identification procedure and to offer the automotive engineer helpful advice to gain well calibrated simulation models. Analysing the air path equations the determining factors on the parameter quality are investigated. Based on the results sensible modifications of the test bed setup and the measurement strategy are presented.

This paper describes the set-up and testing of a single cylinder 25cc, air cooled, 4-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) engine converted to run in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode with the aid of various combustion control systems. The combustion control systems were investigated regarding their effects on combustion stability and heat release phasing. Engine operation was compared with unique findings from previous work done on a very small 2-stroke HCCI engine. HCCI engine operation was possible between 1000 - 4000 rpm when using Diethyl Ether (DEE) as the test fuel. Maximum operational fuel-air equivalence ratio (Φ) was 0.75 when operating without Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). This relatively high equivalence ratio was attainable due to thermal gradients induced by the high surface area to volume ratio of the small engine combustion chamber, resulting in high chamber heat transfer.

The paper presents an experimental procedure for comparing different families of IC Engine lubricating pumps in terms of total consumed energy in a NEDC driving cycle. Measures are performed on a test rig able to reproduce the oil temperature profile, the lubrication circuit permeability and its variation during the engine warm-up. The pump under test is driven by a variable speed electric motor supplying the engine velocity profile of the driving cycle. The load on the pump is generated by means of a variable restrictor controlled in a closed loop by a proper combination of speed, temperature, flow rate and pressure signals in order to replicate the typical permeability of the lubricating circuit.

Electric vehicle development is at a crossroads. Consumers want vehicles that offer the same size, performance, range, reliability and cost as their current vehicles. OEMs must make a profit, and the government requires compliance with emissions standards. The result - low volume, compromised vehicles that consumers don't want, with questionable longevity and minimal profitability. In-wheel motor technology offers a solution to these problems; providing power equivalent to ICE alternatives in a package that does not invade chassis, passenger and cargo space. At the same time in-wheel motors can reduce vehicle part count, complexity and cost, feature integrated power electronics, give complete design freedom and the potential for increased regenerative braking (reducing battery size and cost, or increasing range).

Today's automotive and electronics technologies are evolving so rapidly that educators and industry are both challenged to re-educate the technological workforce in the new area before they are replaced with yet another generation. In early November 2009 Ford's Product Development senior management formally approved a proposal by the University of Detroit Mercy to transform 125 of Ford's “IC Engine Automotive Engineers” into “Advanced Electric Vehicle Automotive Engineers.” Two months later, the first course of the Advanced Electric Vehicle Program began in Dearborn. UDM's response to Ford's needs (and those of other OEM's and suppliers) was not only at the rate of “academic light speed,” but it involved direct collaboration of Ford's electric vehicle leaders and subject matter experts and the UDM AEV Program faculty.

FlexRay is a time triggered automotive communication protocol that connects ECUs (Electronic Control Units) on which distributed automotive applications are executed. If exact agreement (e.g. on physical values measured by redundant sensors on different ECUs) must be reached in the presence of asymmetric communication faults, a byzantine agreement protocol like Signed Messages (SM) can be utilized. This paper gives examples of how byzantine faults can emerge in a FlexRay-based system and proposes optimizations for a FlexRay-specific implementation of the SM protocol. The protocol modifications allow for a reduction in the number of protocol messages under a slightly relaxed fault model, as well as for a reduction in the number of messages to be temporarily stored by the ECUs.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) networks within the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) lead to safety and mobility improvements in vehicle road traffic. This paper presents case studies that support the realization of the ITS architecture as an evolutionary process, beginning with driver information systems for enhancing feedback to the users, semi-autonomous control systems for improved vehicle system management, and fully autonomous control for improving vehicle cooperation and management. The paper will also demonstrate how the automotive, telecom, and data and service providers are working together to develop new ITS technologies.

Virtual testing is a method that simulates lab testing using multi-body dynamic analysis software. The main advantages of this approach include that the design can be evaluated before a prototype is available and virtual testing results can be easily validated by subsequent physical testing. The disadvantage is that accurate specimen models are sometimes hard to obtain since nonlinear components such as tires, bushings, dampers, and engine mounts are hard to model. Therefore, virtual testing accuracy varies significantly. The typical virtual rigs include tire and spindle coupled test rigs for full vehicle tests and multi-axis shaker tables for component tests. Hybrid simulation combines physical and virtual components, inputs and constraints to create a composite simulation system. Hybrid simulation enables the hard to model components to be tested in the lab.

Predicting AHSS cracking during crash events and forming processes is an enabling technology for AHSS application. Several fracture criteria including MatFEM and Modified Mohr-Coulomb Criterion were developed recently. However, none of them are designed to cover more fracture modes such as bending fracture and tearing fracture with initial damage. A mixed-mode fracture criterion (MMFC) is proposed and developed to capture multiple fracture modes including in-plane shearing fracture, cross-thickness shearing fracture with bending effect and tearing fracture with initial damage. The associated calibration procedure for this criterion is developed. The criterion is implemented in a commercial FEA code and several lab validations are conducted. The results show its promising potential to predict AHSS cracking at large strain conditions.