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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance to develop and assure validation and verification of IVHM systems used in autonomous aircraft, vehicles and driver assistance functions. IVHM covers a vehicle, monitoring and data processing functions inherent within its sub-systems, and the tools and processes used to manage and restore the vehicle’s health. The scope of this document is to address challenges and identify recommendations for the application of integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) specifically to intelligent systems performing tasks autonomously within the mobility sector. This document will focus on the core aspects of IVHM for autonomous vehicles that are common to both aerospace and automotive applications. It is anticipated that additional documents will be developed separately to cover aspects of this functionality that are unique to each application domain.

This Aerospace Informational Report (AIR) provides guidance on using environmental, electrochemical, and electrical resistance measurements to monitor environment spectra and corrosivity of service environments, focusing on parameters of interest, existing measurement platforms, deployment requirements, and data processing techniques. The sensors and monitoring systems provide discrete time-based records of 1) environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and contaminants; 2) measures of alloy corrosion in the sensor; and 3) protective coating performance in the sensor. These systems provide measurements of environmental parameters, sensor material corrosion rate, and sensor coating condition for use in assessing the risk of atmospheric corrosion of the structure.

The ARP shall cover the objectives and activities of Verification & Vallidation Processes required to assure high quality and/or criticality level of an IVHM Systems and Software.

The processes outlined in this document cover the entire aircraft for both commercial and military applications. In addition to on-board systems, it covers on-ground elements as well. The practical application of this standardized process is detailed in the form of a checklist. As in all HM-1 documents, the scope of this document covers sensing and acquisition systems, typically on board, data transmission systems and processes, methods and hardware for data analysis, and finally, maintenance actions. The on-board aspects relating to safety of flight, pilot notification, etc., are addressed by the other SAE Committees standards and documents. To help explain the process and the use of the checklist, some high-level use cases related to maintenance credit applications are included.

This recommended practice applies to vibration monitoring systems for rotorcraft and fixed-wing drive trains, airframes, propulsion systems, electric power generators, and flight control systems. It addresses all aspects of metrics, including what to measure, how to measure, and how to evaluate the results.

This AIR lists and describes a collection of regulations, policy, and guidance documents applicable to design approval applicants, aircraft operating certificate holders, and maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) organizations. The aircraft industry should consider these rules when installing IVHM technology for use in aircraft maintenance. This is a starting basis and should not be considered as complete when certification of an IVHM system is expected. The AIR’s objectives are: 1 To set the foundation for aircraft certification applicants seeking to design IVHM solutions as part of the type certificate (TC), supplemental type certificate (STC), amended TC, or amended STC activities; and 2 To set the foundation for aircraft operating certificate holders to engage with regulators to get authorization for using IVHM applications as part of an aircraft maintenance program. NOTE: This AIR’s scope is limited to the United States (U.S.)

This document specifies a multipoint, digital, serial interface that incorporates other interface standards such as EIA-485 and the nine bit interrupt mode of many microcontrollers. Standardized interfaces are critical to the development of an "open" HUMS architecture.

This document specifies a multipoint, digital, serial interface that incorporates other interface standards such as EIA-485 and the nine bit interrupt mode of many microcontrollers. Standardized interfaces are critical to the development of an "open" HUMS architecture.

This document collates the ways and means that existing sensors can identify the platform’s exposure to volcanic ash. The capabilities include real-time detection and estimation, and post flight determinations of exposure and intensity. The document includes results of initiatives with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Transport Canada, various research organizations, Industry and other subject matter experts. The document illustrates the ways that an aircraft can use existing sensors to act as health monitoring tools so as to assess the operational and maintenance effects related to volcanic ash incidents and possibly help determine what remedial action to take after encountering a volcanic ash (VA) event.

Blade trackers measure: (a) rotor blade height and (b) lead-lag for use in a Rotor Track and Balance (RT&B) function in a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). HUMS is a generic term for a system used to measure, monitor, process, and store information relating to the functioning and usage of an aircraft's on-board primary systems, including the engine(s).

Blade trackers measure: (a) rotor blade height and (b) lead-lag for use in a Rotor Track and Balance (RT&B) function in a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). HUMS is a generic term for a system used to measure, monitor, process, and store information relating to the functioning and usage of an aircraft's on-board primary systems, including the engine(s).

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies requirements for the interface between a rotational system indexing sensor and its interface electronics. These sensors generate one or more electrical pulses for each revolution of the shaft being monitored. These pulses can be used to determine the actual shaft rotational speed and/or position for use in a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). Indexing sensors are used in the following HUMS areas on the aircraft: (a) rotor track and balance, (b) engine vibration monitoring and diagnostics, (c) drive train vibration monitoring and diagnostics. The goal of this standardization effort is to be able to take any compliant indexing sensor and connect it to any compliant interface electronics. These SAE HUMS Interface Specifications include the minimal interface and performance requirements for interoperability with the Rotorcraft Industry Technology Association (RITA) compliant HUMS.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies requirements for the interface between a rotational system indexing sensor and its interface electronics. These sensors generate one or more electrical pulses for each revolution of the shaft being monitored. These pulses can be used to determine the actual shaft rotational speed and/or position for use in a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). Indexing sensors are used in the following HUMS areas on the aircraft: (a) rotor track and balance, (b) engine vibration monitoring and diagnostics, (c) drive train vibration monitoring and diagnostics. The goal of this standardization effort is to be able to take any compliant indexing sensor and connect it to any compliant interface electronics. These SAE HUMS Interface Specifications include the minimal interface and performance requirements for interoperability with the Rotorcraft Industry Technology Association (RITA) compliant HUMS.

SAE JA6097 (“Using a System Reliability Model to Optimize Maintenance”) shows how to determine which maintenance to perform on a system when that system requires corrective maintenance to achieve the lowest long-term operating cost. While this document may focus on applications to Jet Engines and Aircraft, this methodology could be applied to nearly any type of system. However, it would be most effective for systems that are tightly integrated, where a failure in any part of the system causes the entire system to go off-line, and the process of accessing a failed component can require additional maintenance on other unrelated components.

SAE JA6097 (“Using a System Reliability Model to Optimize Maintenance”) shows how to determine which maintenance to perform on a system when that system requires corrective maintenance to achieve the lowest long-term operating cost. While this document may focus on applications to Jet Engines and Aircraft, this methodology could be applied to nearly any type of system. However, it would be most effective for systems that are tightly integrated, where a failure in any part of the system causes the entire system to go off-line, and the process of accessing a failed component can require additional maintenance on other unrelated components.

Accelerometers are transducers, or sensors, that convert acceleration into an electrical signal which can be used for vibration monitoring and analysis. This document defines interface requirements for accelerometers and associated interfacing electronics for use in a helicopter Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). The purpose is to standardize the accelerometer-to-electronics interface with the intent of increasing interchangeability among HUMS sensors/systems and reducing the cost of HUMS accelerometers. Although this interface was specified with an internally amplified piezoelectric accelerometer in mind, this does not preclude the use of any other sensor technology that meets the requirements given in this specification. These SAE HUMS Interface Specifications include the minimal interface and performance requirements for interoperability with the Rotorcraft Industry Technology Association (RITA) compliant HUMS.

Accelerometers are transducers, or sensors, that convert acceleration into an electrical signal that can be used for airframe, drive, and propulsion system vibration monitoring and analysis within vehicle health and usage monitoring systems. This document defines interface requirements for accelerometers and associated interfacing electronics for use in a helicopter Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). The purpose is to standardize the accelerometer-to-electronics interface with the intent of increasing interchangeability among HUMS sensors/systems and reducing the cost of HUMS accelerometers. Although this interface was specified with an internally amplified piezoelectric accelerometer in mind for Airframe and Drive Train accelerometers, this does not preclude the use of piezoelectric accelerometer with remote charge amplifier or any other sensor technology that meets the requirements given in this specification.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) offers information on how human factors should be considered when developing and implementing IVHM capabilities for both military and civil fixed wing aircraft. These considerations will cover the perception, analysis, and action taken by the flight crew and the maintenance personnel in response to outputs from the IVHM system. These outputs would be onboard realtime for the flight crew and post flight for maintenance. This document is not intended to be a guideline; it is intended to provide information that should be considered when designing and implementing future IVHM systems.

To establish a specification for software input and output interfaces for condition monitoring and performance programs used to monitor equipment from multiple manufacturers. The purpose of standardizing these interfaces is to improve operational flexibility and efficiency of monitoring systems as an aid to cost effectiveness (e.g., easier implementation).

The statement of concerns within this document may be specific to commercial and/or military applications. They also discuss unique concerns between different regulators. They apply to the entire end-to-end health management function throughout the aircraft’s design and operational life, covering on-board and off-board elements. Regulatory approval has been provided to some engine and aircraft Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), allowing the use of health management functionality to comply with Airworthiness Directives (AD), extend inspection intervals, comply with MSG guidance, or to more effectively utilize component lives to optimize “time on wing.” However, different variations and applications of IVHM systems could bring up new concerns which are not currently addressed in standards, especially when attempting to obtain approval to use higher criticality IVHM systems for airworthiness credit.