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A new type direct-injection stratified-charge combustion system for gasoline engines is developed by the authors. In the system, gasoline is directly injected into a cylinder near the end of compression stroke by a nozzle with the injection holes unequally spaced on its tip. The angles among sprays in the vicinity of spark plug are small, and become larger downstream along the direction of air swirl motion. Therefore the circularly concentration stratification form rich to lean of air-fuel mixture is mechanically realized to ensure the reliable ignition and smooth flame propagation in the inhomogeneous mixture after sparking. The selection of main parameters of the system, the performance and the combustion characteristics of the engine after optimization of those parameters are introduced in detail in this paper.

In this paper, the characteristics of performance and emissions of diesel and biodiesel blends are studied in a four-cylinder DI engine employing common rail injection system. The results show that engine output power is further reduced and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with the increase of the blend concentration. B100 provides average reduction by 8.6% in power and increase by 11% in BSFC. With respect to the emissions, although NOx emissions were increased with increasing the blend concentration, the increase depends on the load. Filter smoke number is reduced with increasing the blend concentration. At the same time, NO, NO2 and other specific emissions are also investigated. In addition, difference of performance and emission between standard parameters of ECU and modified parameters of ECU is investigated for B10 and B20 based on same output power. The results show that NOx emission and FSN are still lower than baseline diesel.

In this paper, characteristics of gas emission and particle size distribution are investigated in a common rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends. Gas emission and particle size distribution are measured by AVL FTIR - SESAM and SMPS respectively. The results show that although biodiesel blends would result in higher NOx emissions, characteristics of NOx emissions were also dependent on the engine load for waste cooking oil methyl ester. Higher blend concentration results in higher NO2 emission after two diesel oxidation catalyst s (DOC). A higher blend concentration leads to lower CO and SO2 emissions. No significant difference of Alkene emission is found among biodiesel blends. The particle size distributions of diesel exhaust aerosol consist of a nucleation mode (NM) with a peak below 50N• m and an accumulation mode with a peak above 50N • m. B100 will result in lower particulates with the absence of NM.

A simple diaphragm injection carburettor (DIC) is developed and patented by the author in the paper. The principle is that, as the function of the diaphragm mechanism, the pressure difference between two sides of the metering hole equals the vacuum of the Venturi, so it can realize the pressurized fuel metering, by the fuel metering hole and vacuum from the Venturi, and fuel injection. The fuel is injected into the feed port and mixes with the small fraction of air through the port, the main port of fresh air from the crankcase is injected to the cylinder with the scavenging organized so that a separating layer is created between the exhaust and feed port, it can substantially reduce short-circuit. According to the characteristics of low short-circuit at low delivery ratio, the low load fuel supply system of conventional carburettor is preserved and combined with DIC which functions at high load operation.

The poor low-temperature behavior of Li-ion batteries has limited its application in the field of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Many previous studies concentrate on developing new type of electrolyte to solve this problem. However, according to recent research, the key limitation at low temperature is the low diffusivity of lithium ion in the anode electrodes. Hence, it is potential to study anode materials to improve low-temperature behavior of LIBs. ZnFe2O4 with higher theoretical capacity is low toxicity and abundance, contributing to its commercial application. Different ZnFe2O4 crystalline shapes have different particle sizes. Among them, the cubic ZnFe2O4 with smaller particle size will increase its own electronic and ionic conductance at lower temperature. In this regard, we evaluated low-temperature performance of LIBs with ZnFe2O4 cubes as anode materials at -25°C.

In-cylinder flow characteristics in a four-stroke diesel engine were studied experimentally by instantaneous measurements of swirl and squish flow velocity distribution with particle image velocimetry (PIV). The triple-exposed PIV films were interrogated on a self-made system to get the velocity distribution. The measured velocities were analyzed by spatially high-pass and low-pass filtering techniques. Vorticity distributions were also calculated using the measured data. As results, vortex structure of the flow field was clearly visualized. Spatially averaged in-cylinder flow energy was found decaying at high rate but the less-scaled flow components at much lower rate. Clearly visualized squish and reverse squish movements around the top dead center (TDC) during the compression stroke were found strongly affecting the swirl flow field. making the in-bowl flow energy increased.