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EXCLUSIVE MEMBER BENEFIT: 2016 MOBILITY ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SALARY SURVEY AND CALCULATOR Gain better insight into compensation practices: this salary survey is the only study its kind to explore levels and changes in compensation and employment for engineers and technical employees in the automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicle industries. It benchmarks compensation levels based by geography, education, industry sector, experience, and managerial and budgetary responsibility. The full report is available to SAE International members by signing into your My SAE account and downloading it into your My Library area. Members also have full access to the updated online interactive salary calculator by visiting SAE’s website. Become a member of SAE International to access this exclusive benefit for free, or purchase it today. YOU BELONG HERE. Membership helps you succeed both personally and professionally. Join us today.

Fixed displacement pumps will continue to be a popular choice for hydraulic system designers for decades to come. These pumps are used in almost every industrial and mobile market segment and are generally less expensive than comparable variable displacement type pumps. Fixed displacement “Vane Type” pumps are especially popular because of their low noise characteristics as well as their inherent repair features. The demand for “Vane Type” fixed displacement pumps continues to grow in all market segments. Because of this continued demand, a new design of “fixed displacement vane pumps” is being developed. These pumps, designated the VPF Series, are targeted to offer continuous operating pressures up to 280 BAR with displacements from 40 to 215 cc/rev.

J I Case Company has produced four-wheel-drive agricultural tractors since 1964. In 1984 however, the flagship of the Case fleet changed hands. Rising labor costs and larger farming operations spearheaded the need for a more efficient larger tractor. January 1984 marked the introduction of the largest four-wheel-drive tractor in the history of Case, the 4994, a 400-gross engine horsepower tractor, Figure 1. Sheer horsepower alone however, would not meet the requirements of today's farming operations. Case Engineering realized that tomorrows tractors must have sufficient power to handle the wide variety of attachments available. They also realized that along with the unmatched power must come precise control of the attachment. These advancements in farming have required improvements to the tractor hydraulic system. This paper describes the hydraulic system of the 4994, Case's new flagship.

The paper discusses the fact that in a year when economic conditions might be saying “don't buy”, there may be good business reasons to buy trucks. It is based on a study made with the cooperation of a truck operator who permitted the analysis of all aspects of his operation. After the study, the operator did buy trucks in a year when, on the surface, it appeared new truck purchases wouldn't be justified because of economic conditions. The operator also changed his buying pattern from his past practice of glider kitting trucks for replacement and buying new trucks only for expansion.

Indian automobile production increased at a CAGR of 12.2% over FY05-FY13, with a decline in Commercial Vehicle (CV) growth rate during FY09 and FY13. Globally, automotive industry suffered a decline in FY09 due to the global financial crisis and again on a decline in FY12 due to the European sovereign debt crisis. Apart from the global events, there are various internal risks the Indian OEMs need to consider: 1) regulatory risk due to excise duty hikes, decontrol of fuel pricing, etc., 2) market risks due to currency, inflation, interest rates, material cost, 3) industry risks due to increased competition, price war, etc. In this scenario, Indian Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) need to constantly recalibrate their strategies to the changing market dynamics and associated risks. A research on megatrends affecting the Indian CV industry has identified more focus on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as one of the megatrend.

This paper starts with an analysis of design configurations of the drivelines with different power-dividing units (PDUs) of main dump truck manufacturing companies. As it follows from the analysis, improvements of articulated truck energy efficiency and reduction of fuel consumption by optimizing the power distribution to the drive wheels are still open issues. The problem is that a variety of operating and terrain conditions of dump trucks requires different wheel power distributions that cannot be provided by one set of PDUs employed in a truck. The central PDU in the transfer case was identified as the most important PDU among the five PDUs, which plays a crucial role in the power distribution between the front axle and the rear tandem of a 6×6 articulated dump truck. The paper formulates a constraint optimization problem to minimize the tire slippage power losses by optimizing the power distribution between the drive wheels.

Current trends in application technology indicate an increasing realization on the part of manufacturers and users of agricultural chemicals of the important role that application techniques and/or equipment play in the overall success of pesticide application. The trends that are most significantly influencing the way chemicals are currently applied include: increased emphasis on improving the accuracy of application increased use of low volume application (3-8 GPA) renewed interest in use of granular application increased use of conservation tillage increased emphasis on reduction in environmental contamination, both within and outside the target area increased use of highly active cam-pounds

In order to reduce fuel consumption, companies have been looking at hybridizing vehicles. So far, two main hybridization options have been considered: electric and hydraulic hybrids. Because of light duty vehicle operating conditions and the high energy density of batteries, electric hybrids are being widely used for cars. However, companies are still evaluating both hybridization options for medium and heavy duty vehicles. Trucks generally demand very large regenerative power and frequent stop-and-go. In that situation, hydraulic systems could offer an advantage over electric drive systems because the hydraulic motor and accumulator can handle high power with small volume capacity. This study compares the fuel displacement of class 6 trucks using a hydraulic system compared to conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. The paper will describe the component technology and sizes of each powertrain as well as their overall vehicle level control strategies.

Regulatory requirements in the European Union (EU) for off-road machines and road vehicles are different. Vehicles which transport passengers and goods, along with attached trailers, as well as road motorcycles must meet EEC type-approval requirements. All other types of self-propelled machines must meet the requirements of the Machinery Directive (Council Directive 98/37/EC), and the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive (Council Directive 89/336/EEC) and possibly other directives. This includes such categories as agriculture and forestry machines, construction machines, industrial trucks and similar products. The various directives outline the different processes for demonstrating compliance with the EU requirements. The intent of this paper is to summarize a few of the requirements that are of interest to off-highway equipment manufacturers and to identify some sources of information about the regulatory requirements.

Water-cooled charge air cooling is being considered as part of various technology solutions in response to 2007 US, 2010 US, EU4 and EU5 emissions standards. As manufacturers determine appropriate engine and vehicle solutions to meet the upcoming emissions standards, charge air cooling requirements are increasing due to higher turbocharger outlet temperatures and pressures, higher EGR rates, and requests for intake manifold temperature control to manage combustion and exhaust temperatures. Valeo and EMP have collaborated on the development and testing of a water cooled charge air cooler (WCCAC), controlled by a 12 volt brushless motor coolant pump. The system design addresses material temperature limitations of air-air aluminum CAC's and has the potential to simplify the packaging of the air induction system.

The paper describes a simple, modified, direct method for the design of high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor impellers, using a prescribed relative velocity distribution. Based on certain simplifying assumptions, the equations of equilibrium are written in terms of the relative velocity components in the radial, axial and tangential directions. These were then solved in a step by step manner along the mean streamline to give the channel shape. An example impeller is shown, which was designed using this method, its geometric proportions appear to be acceptable.

A distributed sensor is created to sense the rate of change in deflection of beam-like structures such as crane booms. This sensor will be useful in electrohydraulic compensation of boom deflections. The sensor is made of an array of strain-sensitive segments such as strain gages or piezoelectric film. In this example, segments of piezoelectric film convert strains on the surface of a vibrating beam into electrical outputs. These outputs are connected to low impedance signal conditioners. The output of the signal conditioners are then interpolated with a weighting vector that incorporates Lagrange polynomials, specified boundary conditions, and the desired location(s) of measurement. A simple linear combiner circuit combines the electrical outputs into the deflection velocity at the desired points.

Developing a new technology requires decision-makers to understand the technology's implications on an organization's objectives, which depend on user needs targeted by the technology. If these needs are common between two organizations, collaboration could result in more efficient technology development. For hybrid truck design, both commercial manufacturers and the military have similar performance needs. As the new technology penetrates the truck market, the commercial enterprise must quantify how the hybrid's superior fuel efficiency will impact consumer purchasing and, thus, future enterprise profits. The Army is also interested in hybrid technology as it continues its transformation to a more fuel-efficient force. Despite having different objectives, maximizing profit and battlefield performance, respectively, the commercial enterprise and Army can take advantage of their mutual needs.

Valve blocks are the key parts in hydraulic systems. A feature-based product model is the foundation of the CAD/CAM system for valve blocks--VBCADAM. This paper mainly analyses the design procedure of valve blocks, the application of feature-based design and modeling, object-oriented approach in the development of VBCADAM, such as feature definition and classification, the frame description of features, structure of product model and also the application of the product model in VBCADAM.

A new hydraulic system was developed using off-the-shelf components to gain lower effort steering, push-button machine function controls, and improved reliability. The ability to alter or add to the system (flexibility) is a requirement. The hydraulic control requirements for this vehicle are similar to other self-propelled machines. The inherent flexibility of this system may make it adaptable, at least in part, to other vehicles.

Production cost analyses show a potential economic advantage for thegiant loaders on large jobs. This paper presents a cost comparison between the Model 475 tractor shovel, a smaller tractor shovel, and a swing shovel. Evolutionary events and designs leading to the creation of the 475 are presented and discussed. Design considerations and specific features of this unit are pointed out. Some of these are: loader linkage design, hollow boom construction, split hydraulic system, and a hydraulic power assist for operator controls. Prototype testing and changes are discussed and explained.

Recently, significant focus and development effort has been dedicated toward in-vehicle networking. This effort includes work on behalf of the American Trucking Association (ATA), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the International Standards Organization (ISO), and independent developments by automotive and semiconductor manufacturers. In-vehicle networking extends, as a result, beyond passenger cars into heavy truck, military, and construction vehicles. In the course of these developments, the benefits of networking have been examined and networking is perceived as having significant benefits, resulting in production and custom development [1, 2, 3]. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a high-performance serial communication solution which has been designed to meet the requirements for the broad range of applications and has now progressed from a specification to a product.

METHOD of selecting sbaetiasfraicntogrsy for the transmissions and final drives of pneumatic-tired tractors that depends on a knowledge of average operating conditions is reported by John Borland. The well-known method of rating bearings on a fatigue basis is, according to tests carried out by Mr. Borland, a reasonably accurate way of predicting bearing life when loading conditions are definitely established. However, the tables that have been compiled by the bearing manufacturers are satisfactory for determining bearing life only of bearings subjected to a constant load at a constant speed. Since tractor transmissions are subjected to as many different loading conditions as there are speed changes provided in the tractor, tractor transmission bearings cannot be selected directly from these tables. They must be used in conjunction with the formula for determining a factor called weighted life.

A method to achieve roll-off cleanliness has been in existence since November 1979. This paper reviews the application of the procedure in one manufacturers operation and establishes additional considerations which should be given. A method of statistical analysis of shipaway cleanliness is employed to demonstrate capability.

This paper describes the design strategy adopted for developing a new high performance actuation system referred to as the ElectroHydraulic Actuator (EHA). The design approach can be divided into fives phases that include: pre-conceptual analysis, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design and, integration and test. An important aspect of the design process is the use of modeling and simulation for the analysis, sizing and selection of off-the-shelf parts, and for the detailed design of new custom made components. EHA is based on hydrostatic transmission. It is a unique device with its own characteristics and requires hydraulic components that are specifically tailored to its needs. A prototype of EHA has been produced and has demonstrated an extremely high level of performance. The performance of this prototype complies with design requirements and validates the chosen design approach.