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Technical Paper

Synchronous and Open, Real World, Vehicle, ADAS, and Infrastructure Data Streams for Automotive Machine Learning Algorithms Research

2020-04-14
2020-01-0736
Prediction based optimal energy management systems are a topic of high interest in the automotive industry as an effective, low-cost option for improving vehicle fuel efficiency. With the continuing development of connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology there are many data streams which may be leveraged by transportation stakeholders. The Suite of CAVs-derived data streams includes advanced driver-assistance (ADAS) derived information about surrounding vehicles, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications for real time and historical data, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The suite of CAVs-derived data streams have been demonstrated to enable improvements in system-level safety, emissions and fuel economy.
Technical Paper

Vehicle Velocity Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network and Effect of Real World Signals on Prediction Window

2020-04-14
2020-01-0729
Prediction of vehicle velocity is important since it can realize improvements in the fuel economy/energy efficiency, drivability, and safety. Velocity prediction has been addressed in many publications. Several references considered deterministic and stochastic approaches such as Markov chain, autoregressive models, and artificial neural networks. There are numerous new sensor and signal technologies like vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication that can be used to obtain inclusive datasets. Using these inclusive datasets of sensors in deep neural networks, high accuracy velocity predictions can be achieved. This research builds upon previous findings that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep neural networks provide low error velocity prediction. We developed an LSTM deep neural network that uses different groups of datasets collected in Fort Collins, Colorado.
Technical Paper

Optimal Configuration of Two-Element Airfoil Constrained in a Rectangular Space

2006-12-05
2006-01-3642
When a two-element airfoil for the wing of a racecar has to be inside a rectangle space dictated by regulations or dictated by the available space, the ratio of the flap chord length to the main element chord length, the overlap and gap sizes between the main element and the flap are design parameters, besides the element shapes. To find the configuration for the high downforce-to-drag ratio, CFD simulations were performed in 2D using the FX63-137 airfoil for both the main element and the flap. Some important findings are that the flap chord length should be 50 to 70% of the main element chord length to achieve the high lift-to-drag ratio. This finding will help design better two-element wings.
Technical Paper

Engineering the Motorsport Engineer

2006-12-05
2006-01-3609
Motorsport Engineering is developing a foothold, around the World, as a field of academic preparation at the post-graduate level. To gain the appropriate practical skills to augment classroom education, and thus, for the graduates to successfully compete for employment in the Motorsport Industry, it is critical that the degree program has a strong experiential component. This paper describes the need to take an engineering approach to motorsport education by combining a discovery-based education with the traditional lecture format to realize synergistic results. The idea is that to effectively “engineer” the graduate, the student must have a strong skill set or a strong grasp of the fundamentals. The growth of the current educational program at Colorado State University and the effectiveness of merging the “inside-out” process, typical of the research mission, with the instructional practices of the University and with the needs of the Motorsport Industry are discussed.
Technical Paper

As-Assembled Suspension Geometry Measurement using Photogrammetry

2006-12-05
2006-01-3618
A measurement system based on photogrammetry has been developed and used to measure the “as-assembled” geometry of a variety of racecar suspensions. A standard methodology for photographing a suspension, and special targets have been developed to use with commercially available photogrammetry software. Several types of targets are discussed; these included targets to identify the center of rotation of the linkages and the orientation of the wheel mounting surface. The system is used with a 5.1 mega-pixel camera to measure the 3D geometry of a suspension in space. Physical camber and toe variation in bump is then measured and correlated with the numerical computation of camber and toe variation using a suspension kinematics package and the geometry generated using the technique.
Technical Paper

Static Compliance Measurement as a Method of Assessing Damage

2006-12-05
2006-01-3616
It is not uncommon in motorsport for a team to chase a chassis setup throughout a race weekend, changing many different suspension settings, yet not getting consistent response from the chassis. In at least some of these cases it has been later determined that these inconsistencies stemmed from either chassis damage or fastener loosening, leading to a decrease in chassis stiffness. The current research investigates a method for quickly and accurately measuring the torsional stiffness, or static compliance, of a racecar chassis and suspension at various stations along the length, which can be utilized in the paddock area. When compared to baseline measurements of a newly assembled racecar, the post-race static compliance of the vehicle can be used to reveal the length-wise region of new damage or softening of components.
Technical Paper

The Effects of End Plates on Downforce in Yaw

2006-12-05
2006-01-3647
Achieving maximum downforce during cornering is critical in the aerodynamic design of a race car. During cornering, all race cars will be at some angle of yaw relative to the vehicle velocity vector, and in certain forms of racing the yaw angle can be large. For this reason it is important to take into consideration the effect of yaw on the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Most aerodynamic elements on vehicles have been examined in some detail in straight ahead motion. However, an element such as a wing/end plate combination optimized for straight forward motion may not perform well under yaw conditions. This effect may substantially diminish the aerodynamic advantage for race cars in high yaw, such as those raced at the Pike's Peak Hill Climb. As a part of a comprehensive research program relating to optimized aerodynamics at high yaw angles, the effect of end plate design on lift and drag of a rear wing in free stream is being considered.
Technical Paper

State Transition Diagrams of Transient Roll and Pitch

2008-12-02
2008-01-2951
In racing, understanding how the setup and setup changes affect the racecar's ability to produce optimum longitudinal and lateral acceleration is vital to producing a winning team. To better understand and characterize how setup and setup changes affect the racecar, the use of state transition diagrams to model the vehicle's transient roll and pitch while negotiating the track is being investigated. State transition diagrams are made up of statistically significant patterns or events, and show the interconnection or transition from one state to another.1 The basic application of a state transition diagram to the phenomena of a racecar's roll and pitch is to identify the locations on the race course of the major events that make up the vehicle braking into, maneuvering through, and accelerating out of a corner. Major events that are examined include the maximum roll and pitch displacements, velocities, and accelerations.
Technical Paper

Shape Memory Composites Applied to the Construction of a Conformable Racing Car Seat

2008-12-02
2008-01-2973
Fiber reinforced, shape memory, polymer matrix, composites have recently been demonstrated in a variety of applications. Once cured, these composites, based on thermoset shape memory resins, have the ability to be semi-permanently deformed from the cured shape at elevated temperatures and then subsequently returned to the original shape. However, the vast majority of the applications demonstrated have made use of very thin composite laminates. The current research considers composite sandwich panel structures formed from shape memory composite facesheets and a rigid foam core created from shape memory resin. The goal is to investigate the potential deformability in these much more rigid geometries to assess the potential for use in conformable, structural applications.
Technical Paper

Optimization of a Direct-Injected 2-Stroke Cycle Snowmobile

2003-09-16
2003-32-0074
A student design team at Colorado State University (CSU) has developed an innovative snowmobile to compete in the Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2003 competition. This engine concept was originally developed for the CSC 2002 competition and demonstrated the lowest emissions of any engine that competed that year. The team utilized a 3-cylinder, 594cc, loop-scavenged, two-stroke cycle engine (Arctic Cat ZRT600) and then modified the engine to operate with direct in-cylinder fuel injection using the Orbital OCP air-assisted fuel injection system. This conversion required that the team design and cast new heads for the engine. The direct-injection approach reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 70% and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions by 90% from a representative stock snowmobile. An oxidation catalyst was then used to oxidize the remaining CO and THC.
Technical Paper

A Liftless Electronic 100ms Shift System for Motorcycle-Engined Racecars

2002-12-02
2002-01-3322
A number of racing series have seen an influx of motorcycle engines as basic powerplants which incorporate a performance oriented sequential shift transmission. However, due to common placement of the engine behind the driver, shift actuation can often become a difficult design issue. Further, the time of one up-shift can be 500 ms or more when the clutch is used, and manually unloading the transmission to allow shifting does not substantially reduce the time lost. A lightweight, low cost electronic liftless shift system has been designed to overcome the problems of packaging and improve shift speed. The system uses a small 12v DC gearmotor, cam and follower to execute the up-shift and downshift, and a current sensor and programmable IC's are used to automatically unload the drivetrain for liftless up-shifts.
Technical Paper

Six Sigma Methodologies in Microjoining - Improve Step

2002-03-04
2002-01-0900
A current general need within Six Sigma methodologies is to utilize statistical methods including experimental design in the confirmation of new processes and their parameters. This is typically done in the improve step of the DMAIC process. This need is even more evident in microjoining (small scale resistance welding) due to the number and complexity of the process variables. This paper outlines the improve step of a Six Sigma project in which statistical methods are applied to a microjoining process. These statistical methods include linear experimental design, regression analysis with linear transformation and mathematical modeling. The paper documents the methodology used to establish process parameters in microjoining of an electrical lead frame design.
Technical Paper

The Importance of HEV Fuel Economy and Two Research Gaps Preventing Real World Implementation of Optimal Energy Management

2017-01-10
2017-26-0106
Optimal energy management of hybrid electric vehicles has previously been shown to increase fuel economy (FE) by approximately 20% thus reducing dependence on foreign oil, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and reducing Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Mono Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions. This demonstrated FE increase is a critical technology to be implemented in the real world as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) rise in production and consumer popularity. This review identifies two research gaps preventing optimal energy management of hybrid electric vehicles from being implemented in the real world: sensor and signal technology and prediction scope and error impacts. Sensor and signal technology is required for the vehicle to understand and respond to its environment; information such as chosen route, speed limit, stop light locations, traffic, and weather needs to be communicated to the vehicle.
Technical Paper

The Effect of Hill Planning and Route Type Identification Prediction Signal Quality on Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Economy

2016-04-05
2016-01-1240
Previous research has demonstrated an increase in Fuel Economy (FE) using an optimal controller based on limited foreknowledge using methods such as Engine Equivalent Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) with stochastic error in the prediction signal considerations. This study seeks to quantify the sensitivity of prediction-derived vehicle FE improvements to prediction signal quality assuming optimal control. In this research, a hill pattern and route type identification scenario control subjected to varying prediction signal quality is selected for in depth study. This paper describes the development of a baseline Toyota Prius Hybrid Vehicle (HV) simulation models, real world drive cycles and real-world disturbances, and an optimal controller incorporating a prediction of vehicle power requirements.
Technical Paper

In-flight Icing Hazard Verification with NASA's Icing Remote Sensing System for Development of a NEXRAD Icing Hazard Level Algorithm

2011-06-13
2011-38-0030
From November 2010 until May of 2011, NASA's Icing Remote Sensing System was positioned at Platteville, Colorado between the National Science Foundation's S-Pol radar and Colorado State University's CHILL radar (collectively known as FRONT, or ‘Front Range Observational Network Testbed’). This location was also underneath the flight-path of aircraft arriving and departing from Denver's International Airport, which allowed for comparison to pilot reports of in-flight icing. This work outlines how the NASA Icing Remote Sensing System's derived liquid water content and in-flight icing hazard profiles can be used to provide in-flight icing verification and validation during icing and non-icing scenarios with the purpose of comparing these times to profiles of polarized moment data from the two nearby research radars.
Technical Paper

Development of an Autonomous Vehicle Control Strategy Using a Single Camera and Deep Neural Networks

2018-04-03
2018-01-0035
Autonomous vehicle development has benefited from sanctioned competitions dating back to the original 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge. Since these competitions, fully autonomous vehicles have become much closer to significant real-world use with the majority of research focused on reliability, safety and cost reduction. Our research details the recent challenges experienced at the 2017 Self Racing Cars event where a team of international Udacity students worked together over a 6 week period, from team selection to race day. The team’s goal was to provide real-time vehicle control of steering, braking, and throttle through an end-to-end deep neural network. Multiple architectures were tested and used including convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN). We began our work by modifying a Udacity driving simulator to collect data and develop training models which we implemented and trained on a laptop GPU.
Technical Paper

Vehicle Electrification in Chile: A Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis Using Data Generated by Autonomie Vehicle Modeling Software

2018-04-03
2018-01-0660
The environmental implications of converting vehicles powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) to battery powered and hybrid battery/ICE powered are evaluated for the case of Chile, one of the worldwide leaders in the production of lithium (Li) required for manufacturing of Li-ion batteries. The economic and environmental metrics were evaluated by techno-economic analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools - SuperPro Designer and Gabi®/GREET® models. The system boundary includes both the renewable and nonrenewable energy sources available in Chile and well-to-pump energy consumptions and GHG emissions due to Li mining and Li-ion battery manufacturing. All the major input data required for TEA and LCA were generated using Autonomie vehicle modeling software. This study compares economic and environmental indicators of three vehicle models for the case of Chile including compact, mid-size, and a light duty truck.
Technical Paper

Considerations for CFD Simulations of a Refueling Pump Nozzle with Application to the Computer Aided Engineering of a Vehicle Refueling System

2018-04-03
2018-01-0489
A vehicle’s refueling system including components, which make up the onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) system, must be designed to meet federally set evaporative hydrocarbon emission regulations and other performance issues inherent to the refueling process, such as premature click-off and spit-back. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model able to predict the performance of a vehicle’s refueling system could be a valuable tool towards the development of future designs, saving the Original Equipment Manufacturer’s (OEM) time and money in the research and development phases. To create an adequate model required for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) of a modern refueling system, it is paramount to accurately predict the fluid dynamics through and out of a gasoline refueling nozzle, as this is a key inlet condition of any refueling system. This study aims to validate CFD simulations, which predict the fluid dynamics through a refueling gasoline pump nozzle.
Technical Paper

Mobility Energy Productivity Evaluation of Prediction-Based Vehicle Powertrain Control Combined with Optimal Traffic Management

2022-03-29
2022-01-0141
Transportation vehicle and network system efficiency can be defined in two ways: 1) reduction of travel times across all the vehicles in the system, and 2) reduction in total energy consumed by all the vehicles in the system. The mechanisms to realize these efficiencies are treated as independent (i.e., vehicle and network domains) and, when combined, they have not been adequately studied to date. This research aims to integrate previously developed and published research on Predictive Optimal Energy Management Strategies (POEMS) and Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS), to address the need for quantifying improvement in system efficiency resulting from simultaneous vehicle and network optimization. POEMS and ITS are partially independent methods which do not require each other to function but whose individual effectiveness may be affected by the presence of the other. In order to evaluate the system level efficiency improvements, the Mobility Energy Productivity (MEP) metric is used.
Technical Paper

V2V Communication Based Real-World Velocity Predictions for Improved HEV Fuel Economy

2018-04-03
2018-01-1000
Studies have shown that obtaining and utilizing information about the future state of vehicles can improve vehicle fuel economy (FE). However, there has been a lack of research into whether near-term technologies can be utilized to improve FE and the impact of real-world prediction error on potential FE improvements. In this study, a speed prediction method utilizing simulated vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication with real-world driving data and a drive cycle database was developed to understand if incorporating near-term technologies could be utilized in a predictive energy management strategy to improve vehicle FE. This speed prediction method informs a predictive powertrain controller to determine the optimal engine operation for various prediction durations. The optimal engine operation is input into a validated high-fidelity fuel economy model of a Toyota Prius.
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