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Abstract The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 155—Cybersecurity and Cybersecurity Management System (UN R155) mandates the development of cybersecurity management systems (CSMS) as part of a vehicle’s lifecycle. ...Due to the focus of R155 and its suggested implementation guideline, ISO/SAE 21434:2021—Road Vehicle Cybersecurity Engineering, mainly centering on the alignment of cybersecurity risk management to the vehicle development lifecycle, there is a gap in knowledge of proscribed activities for validation and verification testing. ...An inherent component of the CSMS is cybersecurity risk management and assessment. Validation and verification testing is a key activity for measuring the effectiveness of risk management, and it is mandated by UN R155 for type approval.

Abstract The innovations of vehicle connectivity have been increasing dramatically to enhance the safety and user experience of driving, while the rising numbers of interfaces to the external world also bring security threats to vehicles. Many security countermeasures have been proposed and discussed to protect the systems and services against attacks. To provide an overview of the current states in this research field, we conducted a systematic mapping study (SMS) on the topic area “security countermeasures of in-vehicle communication systems.” A total of 279 papers are identified based on the defined study identification strategy and criteria. We discussed four research questions (RQs) related to the security countermeasures, validation methods, publication patterns, and research trends and gaps based on the extracted and classified data. Finally, we evaluated the validity threats and the whole mapping process.

SAE EDGE Research Reports provide examinations significant topics facing mobility industry today including Connected Automated Vehicle Technologies Electrification Advanced Manufacturing

Access control enforces security policies for controlling critical resources. For V2X (Vehicle to Everything) autonomous military vehicle fleets, network middleware systems such as ROS (Robotic Operating System) expose system resources through networked publisher/subscriber and client/server paradigms. Without proper access control, these systems are vulnerable to attacks from compromised network nodes, which may perform data poisoning attacks, flood packets on a network, or attempt to gain lateral control of other resources. Access control for robotic middleware systems has been investigated in both ROS1 and ROS2. Still, these implementations do not have mechanisms for evaluating a policy's consistency and completeness or writing expressive policies for distributed fleets. We explore an RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) mechanism layered onto ROS environments that uses local permission caches with precomputed truth tables for fast policy evaluation.

Abstract Over the past forty years, the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) technology has grown in both sophistication and volume in the automotive sector, and modern vehicles may comprise hundreds of ECUs. ECUs typically communicate via a bus-based network architecture to collectively support a broad range of safety-critical capabilities, such as obstacle avoidance, lane management, and adaptive cruise control. However, this technology evolution has also brought about risks: if ECU firmware is compromised, then vehicle safety may be compromised. Recent experiments and demonstrations have shown that ECU firmware is not only poorly protected but also that compromised firmware may pose safety risks to occupants and bystanders.

This over view of the subject analyzes automotive cybersecurity threats that are gaining attention worldwide and the apparent ways industries are responding to them.

New dawn at Honda R&D President Yoshiyuki Matsumoto aims to invigorate Honda's technology and product-development organization with 'full soul.' Automated driving meets regulation: NHTSA and the next 50 years The challenges and opportunities on the road to 'zero deaths' demand a new level of federal automotive safety technical standards, and a new safety-defect reporting and recall system. NHTSA and the U.S. Congress must act boldly and quickly to make it happen. Autonomous driving meets regulation: Hands off, eyes off, brain off Euro NCAP'S president warns that without coherent policies, the growing availability of automated technologies may result in piecemeal technology development-and unintentional consequences. Designer yin meets engineer yang Efficient and effective vehicle development means even closer collaboration between the two former sparring partners.

Finding solutions for Sustainable Mobility SAE created its SMS team to help industry rethink itself as part of the new industrial revolution and the EV transition within it. Debarbonizing the EV battery supply chain Altering manufacturing processes and using a much higher percentage of low emission energy can help the battery industry get greener rapidly, according to a new McKinsey & Co. report. Europe's dust buster The pending Euro 7 vehicle-emissions regulations include a significant new sustainability wrinkle: first-ever restrictions for PM emissions from brakes. E-fueling for the future The development of carbon-neutral e-fuels enjoyed a major boost from European regulators, but production cost and scale remain issues. Fuels to transition the global legacy fleet The EV bandwagon has obscured potential solutions for decarbon-izing the enormous global ICE legacy fleet.

2016 Malibu sheds 300 lb, adds new hybrid system More wheelbase, style, fuel economy, and comfort aim to move GM's volume midsize sedan from the sidelines to the fast lane. Lighter, more powerful 2016 Honda Pilot The third-generation SUV gets a sleek new look and plenty of slick technology for enhanced performance and safety. 2016 Mazda MX-5 stays true to its roots Mazda engineers give the industry a lesson in getting more from less. 2016 Land Rover Discovery Sport spearheads more efficient Land Rovers JLR's space-efficient, flexible SUV moves to JLR's new Ingenium modular engines. Audi chooses high technology, cautious design evolution for new A4 In addition to lighter weight and significant improvements in efficiency, the new car employs plenty of technology and driver support.

Editorial Trust, testing and transition SAE Standards News SAE updates J3016 automated-driving graphic View from a Visionary Chris Urmson helped give birth to vehicle autonomy. His company, Aurora, is leading the technology to maturity and widespread adoption. Extending EV Range Using AV Programming Intelligent programming of autonomous electric vehicles offers potentially big energy savings, according to a study by IAV. Intel Study: Autonomous Vehicles Expected to be Common-in 50 Years New U.S. consumer survey sees most Americans "expect" AVs, though many currently fear the technology. Europe's Latest AV Testing Facilities Key for Swift Autonomous Adoption The need for data sharing and commonality in burgeoning AV technologies is bringing new meaning to the words 'proving grounds.' End Public 'Shadow' Driving! The best way to test and train AI for autonomous vehicles is through proper simulation, systems engineering, and an end-state scenario matrix.

Editorial It's more than just a magazine The Navigator Needed: a step beyond STEM SAE AV Activities A listing of SAE International's autonomous vehicle-related offerings across the organization. Autonomy for the Masses Ford Autonomous Vehicles LLC aims to do for AVs what the Model T did for just about everyone. CEO Sherif Marakby explains. Speeding Thermal Analysis for Autonomous EVs Solving thermal challenges is vital to AEV development. Siemens PLM's new Simcenter integrated simulation package offers a high-fidelity, easy-to-use solution. New Mobility's Mega-Mappers Most believe ultrahigh-definition mapping is crucial to make high-level automated driving possible. Developing these maps is a huge undertaking-one that's enjoying a massive investment of money and talent. From a Blip to a Boom Automotive radar rides the 77-GHz technology wave toward greater capability and vehicle safety.

Editorial AVs, data and 'surveillance capitalism' SAE AV Activities SAE launches Office of Automation The Navigator Lessons from the 737 Max-8 debacle Scorecard Waymo, GM and Ford pegged as autonomous leaders Designs to Dye for: Autonomy's New-Materials Revolution From pineapples to bacteria, Envisage's research is focused on new-mobility's 'inside' story. Dining on Data Processing, in real-time, the enormous data stream that's flowing through AVs is increasingly the job of NVIDIA's mighty GPUs. Danny Shapiro relishes the feast. New Performance Metrics for Lidar Frame-rate measurement is so yesterday.

The Autonomous Vehicle QuickStart Primer by Dr. Rahul Razdan is valuable for anyone connected to the transportation industry who wants a basic understanding of the impact of the new wave of electronics and software technology that’s about to transform this world. The book is aimed at professionals who seek insights into the fundamentals of AV technology, business, and regulation, but it doesn’t cover deep engineering and is not highly technical. Instead, it offers a firm foundation of the megatrends driving this technological revolution, the way these technologies intersect with the current transportation system, and the potential for disruptive change. The book takes a look at challenges in the areas of public policy, regulations, safety, legal, and insurance frameworks that are currently being debated, and the pilot programs being implemented in some areas.

SMSOLUTIONS0123 represents the work of a team of policy and technical leaders from over a dozen forward-leaning organizations in the ground vehicle industry and government. When asked where Sustainable Mobility Solutions could best apply the capabilities SAE has developed over a century, the SMS group responded without hesitation: address EV charging system failure. The group determined to aggregate charging session data with the view to create a consistent data dictionary and analysis practice. Adopting agile work practices, it studied these data, vetting and iterating its solution with the objective of producing a technical report in approximately half the time required in normal standardization. The resulting document, EV Charging Infrastructure: Charging System Performance Reporting, is informing work by the U.S. Department of Energy and Departments of Energy and Transportation Joint Office, as well as OEMs and suppliers.

Strategies designed to deal with these challenges differ in the way in which added duties are assigned and cybersecurity topics are integrated into the already existing process steps. Cybersecurity requirements often clash with existing system requirements or established development methods, leading to low acceptance among developers, and introducing the need to have clear policies on how friction between cybersecurity and other fields is handled. ...Cybersecurity requirements often clash with existing system requirements or established development methods, leading to low acceptance among developers, and introducing the need to have clear policies on how friction between cybersecurity and other fields is handled. A cybersecurity development approach is frequently perceived as introducing impediments, that bear the risk of cybersecurity measures receiving a lower priority to reduce inconvenience. ...For an established development process and a team accustomed to this process, adding cybersecurity features to the product initially means inconvenience and reduced productivity without perceivable benefits.

As cyber attacks become more frequent at all levels, the commercial aviation industry is gearing up to respond accordingly. Commercial Aviation and Cyber Security: A Critical Intersection is a timely contribution to those responsible for keeping aircraft and infrastructure safe. It covers areas of vital interest such as aircraft communications, next-gen air transportation systems, the impact of the Internet of Things (IoT), regulations, the efforts being developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and other regulatory bodies. The book also collects important information on the best practices already adopted by other industries such as utilities, defense and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the US. It equally addresses risk management, response plans to cyber attacks, managing supply chains and their cyber- security flaws, personnel training, and the sharing of information among industry players.

This paper is the second in the series of documents designed to record the progress of a series of SAE documents - SAE J2836™, J2847, J2931, & J2953 - within the Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Communication Task Force. This follows the initial paper number 2010-01-0837, and continues with the test and modeling of the various PLC types for utility programs described in J2836/1™ & J2847/1. This also extends the communication to an off-board charger, described in J2836/2™ & J2847/2 and includes reverse energy flow described in J2836/3™ and J2847/3. The initial versions of J2836/1™ and J2847/1 were published early 2010. J2847/1 has now been re-opened to include updates from comments from the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), Smart Grid Architectural Committee (SGAC) and Cyber Security Working Group committee (SCWG).

The UN R155 regulation is the first automotive cyber security regulation and has made security a mandatory approval criterion for new vehicle types. This establishes internationally harmonized security requirements for market approval. As a result, the application of the regulation presents manufacturers and suppliers with the challenge of demonstrating compliance. At process level the implementation of a Cyber Security Management System (CSMS) is required while at product level, the Threat Assessment and Risk Analysis (TARA) forms the basis to identify relevant threats and corresponding mitigation strategies. Overall, an issued type approval is internationally recognized by the member states of the UN 1958 Agreement. International recognition implies that uniform assessment criteria are applied to demonstrate compliance and to decide whether security efforts are sufficient.

With the increased need for cybersecurity in automotive systems due to the development of more advanced technologies and corresponding increased threat vectors, coupled with the upcoming International Organization for Standardization and the Society for Automotive Engineers (ISO/SAE) 21434 cybersecurity standard for automotive systems and cybersecurity regulations in The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UNECE WP.29), it is becoming increasingly important for auto manufacturers and suppliers to have a clear and common understanding and agreement of cybersecurity metrics for the development and deployment of vehicles. ...Cybersecurity for automotive systems is challenging, and one of the major challenges is how to measure this specific system property. ...With the increased need for cybersecurity in automotive systems due to the development of more advanced technologies and corresponding increased threat vectors, coupled with the upcoming International Organization for Standardization and the Society for Automotive Engineers (ISO/SAE) 21434 cybersecurity standard for automotive systems and cybersecurity regulations in The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UNECE WP.29), it is becoming increasingly important for auto manufacturers and suppliers to have a clear and common understanding and agreement of cybersecurity metrics for the development and deployment of vehicles.

Anatomy and examples of cyberattacks on industrial control systems (ICS) and critical infrastructures (CI): In this course you will understand the importance of cybersecurity for Critical Infrastructure and you will know typical attack vectors, vulnerabilities and defense strategies. ...Decentralized Energy Systems Security: In this course you will know relevant technical countermeasures for cybersecurity. You will understand threats and solutions concerning data communication and network security in the energy systems.